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مراتب اختر معاصرین کی نظر میں

مراتب اختر معاصرین کی نظر میں

 

                مراتب اخترنے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اپنے منفرد ڈِکشن کی بنا پر شہرت حاصل کی۔ انھیں مجیدامجد کی صحبت سے فیض یاب ہونے کا موقع بھی مِلا۔ مجیدامجد سے اُن کی ملاقاتیں بھی اُن کے جدید شعری رجحان کا سبب بنیں۔ مجیدامجد مراتب اختر کے بارے میں کہتے ہیں:

یہ ایک شاعر ہیں جو غزل کہتے ہیں اور غزل ان کے عقیدئہ حیات کا ایک جزو ہے۔ یہ عقیدہ ان کی رُوح کے لیے شرط ایمان ہے، کوئی عجب شیفتگی ہے جو انھیں اس صنف کے ساتھ ہے۔ ایک عمر سے وہ غزل کے مصنوعی انداز کو نکھارنے میں مصروف ہیں۔ یہاں ان اشعار کے اندر ایک بالکل نیا چہرہ مفاہیم ہے۔ لذتِ بیان کی ایک انوکھی سرشاری ہے۔ بظاہر ایک سہمی ہوئی آواز ہے لیکن دراصل یہ اپنی ہی توانائی سے شرمائی ہوئی آواز ہے۔ نئے اِمکانات اظہار ہیں، نیا جلوئہ حروف ہے۔ ایسا معلوم ہوتا ہے گویا اظہار کے پردے میں شاعر اپنے آپ ہی سے مخاطب ہے۔ خود ہی اپنی آواز، خود ہی اس کا سننے والا اور خود ہی اس سے کیفیت گیر ہے۔ ان اشعار پر مکاشفوں کا گمان ہوتا ہے۔ اپنے تاثر پر اپنا اعتقاد، اپنے اعتقاد پر اپنا ایمان، اپنے اسی اطمینان کا وقار، ان کے ہر شعر سے جھلکتا ہے۔ جابجا ایک ضبط ہے جس کی اپنی تمکنت ہے۔ ایک شکستگی ہے جس کا اپنا جلال ہے۔ ایک کرب مہجوری ہے، جس میں گراوٹ نہیں متانت ہے۔ ایسا احساس ہوتا ہے جیسے محبوب کے ساتھ بات کرتے وقت شاعر کے لہجے میں محبوب کا انداز رضامندی اس میں شامِل ہو گیا ہے۔۔۔ جہاں خارجی اشیاء کا بیان ہے، وہاں یوں لگتا ہے جیسے یہ اشیاء اپنا ٹھوس وجود...

Faculty Perspective on the Challenges Faced During Implementation of Integrated Curriculum

Background: Curriculum is a dynamic thing that has evolved over the years to ensure the competency of health care professionals. Due to guidelines issued by international accrediting agencies, University College of Medicine & Dentistry implemented an integrated modular curriculum in 2015 that is coordinated and coherent.  Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the difficulties that the faculty faced while implementing an integrated curriculum for the undergraduate dental program (BDS) at the University College of Dentistry, The University of Lahore.   Methods: This descriptive exploratory study was conducted from September 2020 till January 2021 at University College of Dentistry, The University of Lahore. Thirty-five faculty members were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed thematically after being transcribed. Results: Six themes emerged from the analysis of interviews. These themes were: working environment, distribution of workload, communication, faculty development and retention, evaluation and leadership. Conclusions: Integrated curriculum may be the need of the hour; however, its implementation comes with a set of challenges, which include a non-conducive working environment, uneven distribution of workload, absence of a sound faculty development and retention program, or absence of adequate resources. These factors may hinder the implementation of the integrated curriculum.

The Relationship Between Environmental Beliefs and Green Purchase Intentions: Examing the Mediating Role of Environmental Concern and Moderating Role of Environmental Responsibility

The voice of environmentally concerned consumers led many firms to incorporate the green marketing elements in their business models. Many organizations spent millions of dollars on the development, selling and promotional campaigns of green products. The notion was also supported by researchers and international survey organizations in the form of growing demand and market share of green products. However, in reality, existing sales trends of green products in the markets are not promising. Although consumers are in favor of green products and green firms even some of them are agreed to pay extra amount to buy green products but when comes to make a purchase decision, conventional products remain their first choice at the point of sale. Thus, non-acceptance of green products by the consumers at large scale is becoming a major issue of concern for marketing managers. Therefore, it is very timely to explore and understand the underlying mechanism of human attitude formation process. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of environmental beliefs on green purchase intentions. Although, environmental beliefs have a significant role in motivating the individuals to behave in an environmental friendly way still a weak relationship between environmental beliefs and green purchase intentions has been reported in prior research. Therefore, the mediating role of environmental concern between environmental beliefs and green purchase intentions as well as moderating role of environmental responsibility between environmental beliefs and environmental concern was explored to advance the existing stream of research in the field of green marketing. The conceptual framework was developed based on the theory of reasoned action. Survey method was used to collect data from consumers of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. For this purpose, already established measures were adapted from xi previous studies in the field of green marketing. Subsequently, 519 useable responses were utilized for data analysis through statistical techniques. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to gauge the model fit and to test the hypothesized associations. Likewise, the conceptual framework was also tested through bootstrapping technique suggested by Preacher and Hayes. The results revealed that environmental concern mediate the relation between environmental beliefs and green purchase intentions. Similarly, moderating role of environmental responsibility between environmental beliefs and environmental concern was also proved. The thesis was winded up by highlighting the theoretical, contextual and managerial implications along-with future research avenues.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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