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لسانیات کے انسانی زندگی پر اثرات

موضوع2:لسانیات کے انسانی زندگی پر اثرات
لسانیات کا انسانی زندگی پر گہرا اثر پڑتا ہے۔ زبان اور ادب کے ساتھ اس کا گہرا تعلق ہے۔لسانیات کی مدد سے ہم قدیم سے قدیم اور جدید سے جدید ادب کی تشکیل اور تفہیم میں آسانی ہوتی ہے۔لسانیات کی مدد سے کس بھی زبان کے قواعد اور تراکیب کو باآسانی سمجھا جا سکتا ہے۔یہ کام ماہر لسانیات ہی کر سکتے ہیں۔لسانیات تاریخ کے ان گوشوں کو بھی بے نقاب کرتی ہیجو وقت کی دھند میں کہیں گم ہو چکے ہوتے ہیں۔ماہر لسانیات کا صرف اپنی زبان میں ماہر ہونا ضروری نہیں ہے۔بلکہ دوسری زبانوں کا ماہر ہونا ضروری ہے۔اگر اردو کا ماہر ہے تو فارسی اور عربی زبان کا ماہر ہونا بھی ضروری ہے۔نہ صرف آگہی بلکہ جانچ پڑتال ضروری ہے۔جو الفاظ متروک ہو چکے ہیںوہ کیوں متروک ہیں۔میرکا دیوان ولی کا کلام دیکھیں نہ وہ الفاظ استعمال ہیں جو اب متروک ہو چکے ہیں۔ لسانیات کے علم سے شاعر کے اسلوب سے بھی آگاہی ہوتی ہے اور اس دور کے متعلق معلومات ملتی ہیں۔
لسانیات میں مختلف زبانوں کے انسانی معاشروں کے درمیان پائے جانے والے تعلق اور رشتوں کی بازیافت کا کام بھی ہوتا ہے۔لسانیات کا کام سماجیات اور اس کے کئی پہلووں کو جانچنا اورپرکھنا اور اسے اجاگر کرنا ہوتا ہے۔ لسانیات تعصبات،قومیت اور وطنیت سے قطع نظر خطوں، ملکوں اور شہروں میں بنے ہوئے لوگوں کو لسانی خصوصیات کے مطابق نزدیک لانے کے اسباب پیدا کرتی ہے۔
زبان کے مختلف نام:
اب لسانیات کے مختلف نام مروج ہیں۔اس سے پہلے کیا تھا؟فرانس میں کارڈینل ریستلو نے 1635ء میں Richelienفروغ اکیڈمی قائم کی اس کا مقصد یہ تھا کہ یہ فرنچ زبان کی تمام جزئیات کو ضابطے اور سلیقے کے سانچے میں ڈھالے۔فرانس میں سترھویں صدی عیسوی میں بالائی متوسط طبقے کے چند افراد نے اپنی زبان...

موجودہ نظام تعلیم میں اسلامی اقدار کے سمونے کے مراحل واقدامات

Pakistan came into being on the basis of Islamic Ideology. Therefore, our educational system and policies should be based upon the Islamic ideology. Our national leaders also stressed upon the enforcement of Islamic values in all walks of life of the people of Pakistan. It was theoretically stated in all the educational policies that our national ideology would be the only basis of our educational system. The purpose of this research was to critically analyze the inclusion and effects of Islamic values in our educational system with special reference to our national educational policies. The method used for the research was descriptive and analytical. The review of literature revealed that practically nothing could be done. All steps taken in the educational policies for the inclusion of Islamic values in our educational system confined to papers only. It was also revealed that our national educational system was completely unable to produce honest, loyal, faithful and true Muslims and sincere Pakistanis. Our educational system and educational policies were devoid of Islamic character. The realization of the true sprite of Islamic values in our national educational policies remained a dream. Consequently, our present educational system could not give intended outcomes. In order to achieve the desired objectives, our educational policies and educational system should be in consonance with Islamic values and teachings. Holistic practical measures are required for this purpose. To foster in the hearts and minds of people of Pakistan in general and student in particular, a deep loyalty to Islam and Pakistan, our present educational system urgently requires radical changes on the basis of Quran and Sunnah.

Approximate Solutions of Higher Dimensional Flow Models of Non-Newtonian Fluids

This thesis deals with the application of a new hybrid scheme to find the approximate solutions of non-Newtonian fluids under different circumstances involving fractional derivatives. The hybrid technique we are employing has less computational effort and time cost as compared to other schemes presents in the literature. In starting, some preliminaries and basic concepts related to non-Newtonian fluids, constitutive equations, fractional calculus and hybrid scheme have been presented. Then in the next chapters the new hybrid scheme has been successfully applied to find the approximate solutions of second grade fluid with fractional derivatives, heat transfer in fractional Walters’-B fluid, Maxwell fluid with fractional derivatives, heat and mass transfer in fractional Jeffrey’s fluid and blood flow having magnetic particles with fractional derivatives. In Chapter 2, approximate solution of unsteady flow of second grade fluid with non-integer order derivatives through a circular cylinder has been procured. The flow of the fluid is produced due to stress applied on the surface of cylinder. The methodology adopted is the use of Laplace transform with numerical inverse Laplace algorithms to solve the governing equations. The inverse Laplace transformation has been procured through Talbot’s algorithm using Matlab software. The validation of numerical results of inverse Laplace transform is performed by employing two other numerical inverse Laplace algorithms namely as Stehfest’s and Tzou’s. The comparison between existing exact solution and our approximate solution is also presented in tabular form. Towards the end, the velocity field and shear stress graphs are depicted to understand the response of physical parameters. The aim of Chapter 3 is to study the heat transfer in Walters’-B fluid involving Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives through an infinite oscillating vertical plate with Newtonian heating in the presence of magnetic field. The x governing equations of velocity and temperature fields are converted first in non-dimensional form by using dimensionless variables and then solved by employing Laplace transformation. The inverse Laplace transform has been simulated by using Stehfest’s inverse Laplace algorithm. The validation of numerical results is provided by employing Tzou’s algorithm. Mathcad software is used for all numerical calculations. The graphical illustrations represent the behavior of material parameters on the solutions. The variation in Nusselt number with the change in fractional and physical parameters is also presented. The goal of Chapter 4 is to examined the flow characteristics of a Maxwell fluid involving fractional derivatives in an infinitely long circular cylinder. A new hybrid scheme is applied to achieve semi-analytical solutions. The fluid is lying inside the cylinder. The approximate solutions for the velocity field and the time dependent shear stress have been established. The approximate solutions are procured by employing Laplace transform. The inverse Laplace transformation has been calculated with Talbot’s algorithm using Matlab software. At the end, velocity and time dependent shear stress graphs are plotted to see the behavior of physical parameters. In Chapter 5, the approximate solution of heat and mass transfer in magneto hydro dynamics (MHD) Jeffrey’s fluid is presented. The fluid is lying over a vertical plate with exponentially heating and constant mass dispersion. The Caputo-Fabrizio fractional operator has been utilized to build up the fractional model. Laplace transformation has been applied to find the approximate solutions of concentration, temperature and velocity fields. In this hybrid technique we have employed Laplace transform together with Stehfest’s inverse Laplace numerical algorithm. The physical effect of material parameters on velocity, concentration and temperature fields are delineated graphically. The impact of non-integer order parameter on solution is also displayed in tabular form. The reason for Chapter 6 is to study the magneto hydrodynamic flow of a viscous fluid having magnetic particles in a cylinder. The fluid is initially electrically charged in the presence of a uniform transverse external magnetic field. To obtain the flow model involving non-integer order derivatives, the fractional calculus approach is used. The solution of the flow model is obtained using Laplace transformation. Simon’s numerical algorithm is employed to obtain inverse Laplace transform. Similar solutions of flow model with ordinary derivatives and flow without magnetic particles has been procured as limiting case. At the end, the impact of non-integer order parameter, Reynolds number and Hartmann number on flow and magnetic particles velocity is analyzed and depicted by graphs.
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