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جوں تے ککڑ

جوں تے ککڑ

پرانے زمانے دی گل اے کہ کسے پنڈ وچ اک جوں تے ککڑ رہندے سن۔ دونویں گوانڈھی ہوون دے نال نال گوہڑے یار وی سن۔ اک دن موسم بہت چنگا سی۔ جوں نے ککڑ نوں آکھیا کہ کیوں نہ سیر تے چلیے۔ ککڑ راضی ہو جاندا اے۔ دونواں نے کھان پین دے سامان توں وکھ ست ست روٹیاں لے کے نال رکھیاں کہ بھکھ ویلے کوئی شے باہروں نہ خریدنی پوے۔

ٹردے ٹردے جدوں اوہناں نوں کافی دیر ہو گئی تاں جوں نوں بھکھ لگ جاندی اے۔ ککڑ آکھدا اے کہ مینوں بھکھ نہیں توں اپنی روٹی کھا لے۔ جوں ست دیاں ست روٹیاں کھا جاندی اے۔ ایس توں بعد اوہ دوبارہ سفر شروع کر دے نیں تے تھوڑی دور جا کے جوں فیر لگڑ نوں آکھدی اے کہ مینوں بھکھ لگی اے۔ ککڑ اوس نوں اینیاں روٹیاں دے دیندا اے۔ اوہ ککڑ دیاں وی ست روٹیاں کھا جاندی اے۔ فیر اوہ دوبارہ سفر شروع کردے نیں۔ تھوڑے جیہے سفر توں بعد اوس نوں مڑ بھکھ لگدی اے تے اوہ ککڑ نوں کھا جاندی اے۔ اوہدی بھکھ مڑ وی مکدی نئیں۔ اوہ اکلی سفر کردی اگانہہ ٹری جاندی اے۔ مڑ بھکھ لگن تے اوس نوں کجھ بکریاں راہ وچ نظر آوندیاں نیں۔ اوہ اوہناں نوں وی کھا جاندی اے۔ جدوں اوہنوں پیاس لگدی اے تاں اوہ پانی پیون لئی نہر اتے جاندی اے تے نہر دا سارا پانی پی لیندی اے۔ جس پاروں نہر سک جاندی اے۔ ہن اوہدا ڈھڈ بھر چکیا ہوندا اے۔ اوہدے کول ٹرنا اوکھا ہو گیا تے اوہ نہر دے کنڈے اُتے ای بہہ جاندی اے۔ پانی مکن تے مگرمچھ تے کچھے نہر توں باہر آ جاندے نیں۔ کجھ مجھاں وی نہر وچ نہا رہیاں ہوندیاں نیں۔ اک مجھ دا پیر جوں اتے آ...

Understanding Post-earthquake Gender Susceptibility in Balakot Tehsil, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of structural vulnerability and violence, this study examines how the ‘2005 earthquake’ in Pakistan affected the female gender. It aims to find out the unique experiences of the socio-cultural vulnerability of gender, which led them to migrate towards other places. It attempts to identify those factors which contributed to women's vulnerability. Qualitative research methods, such as key-informant and in-depth interviews, were used in this research. In-depth interviews were conducted by using a purposive sampling technique with thirty highly affected women of Balakot belonging to twenty-five households. The present study finds out six major themes, almost all dealing with a lack of privacy and females’ private domain. These include: a) gendered migration; b) ethnicity; c) problems of toilet and bathing; d) problems for pregnant women; e) difficulty in looking after the family; and, f) forced sexual relations. Data collection from respondents of different ages, class, and caste helped us to understand the lived experiences of the women of Balakot. The study finds out that gendered vulnerability plays a very important role in making decisions to migrate. This study might influence governments to bring the required changes in their policies to serve the women population better during and after disasters.

Pharmaceutical Applications of Modified As Well As Unmodified Arabinoxylans from Ispaghula Plantago Ovata Husk

Plantago ovata is an indigenous plant of Pakistan, India and several other European countries. The polysaccharides extracted from the husk of Plantago ovata have been chemically characterized to contain a high proportion of hemicellulose which comprises of arabinoxylan (AX). Plantago ovata seeds, husk and isolated mucilage have shown potential to be exploited as safe and effective drug carriers in pharmaceutical industry. In present investigation AX was isolated from Plantago ovata husk and was modified by carboxymethylation, graft copolymerization and salt formation using standard methods. Arabinoxylan and its modified forms were characterized physicochemically and by using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. Pharmaceutical applications of arabinoxylan and its modified forms were sought in different dosage forms such as suspension, tablet, gel, microsphere and hydrogel. Safety evaluation of arabinoxylan and modified arabinoxylan was done according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. The antimicrobial assay of arabinoxylan and modified arabinoxylan was done by Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion method. Physicochemical and thermal investigation provided the evidence of suitability of these materials as pharmaceutical excipients in terms of compressibility, moisture sensitivity, flow properties and thermal stability. Arabinoxylan and carboxymethyl arabinoxylan even at low concentrations showed excellent suspending abilities comparable to commercially used suspending agents (acacia, tragacanth and bentonite) in both paracetamol and zinc oxide suspensions. As gelling agent, arabinoxylan showed thixotropic behaviour. pH and temperature dependent gelation was observed i.e. rapid gelation at basic pH and temperature 50-70°C. Arabinoxylan was found to be compatible with water, propylene glycol and 30% ethanol. Paracetamol and acelofenac gels were successfully formulated using arabinoxylan as gelling agent. In tablets, arabinoxylan showed binding and disintegrating properties. In microspheres, arbinoxylan showed release retardant properties along with sodium alginate. Hydrogels of arabinoxylans and carboxymethyl arabinoxylan were found to be successful for intestinal delivery of diclofenac sodium. Arabinoxylan sodium hydrogel was found to be thermally stable and compatible with drug. However, it failed to show sustained release properties. Safety evaluation studies confirmed good level of safety of polysaccharides (AX and modified AX). No dermal and ocular toxicity was reported and they were considered to be non mutagenic. Arabinoxylan and modified arabinoxylan showed antimicrobial potential. So it may be cleared from this study that arabinoxylan and modified arabinoxylans could be used as pharmaceutical excipients.
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