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قصاص کا لغوی معنی

قصاص کے معنی نشانات پر چلنا، جیسا کہ ابن فارس قصاص کامعنی یوں بیان کرتے ہیں
"القاف والصاد أصلٌ صحيح يدلُّ على تتبُّع الشَّيء. من ذلك قولهم: اقتصَصْتُ الأثَر، إذا تتبَّعتَه. ومن ذلك اشتقاقُ القِصاص في الجِراح، وذلك أنَّه يُفعَل بهِ مثلُ فِعلهِ بالأوّل۔"152
"مادہ " قَصَصَ" ہے یہ دلا لت کرتا ہے کسی چیز کی کھوج یا جستجو پر اور اسی سے عرب کا قول ہے کہ میں اس کے نشانات پر چلا جب کہ تو اس راستے کی جستجو کرے ۔ اور زخموں میں قصاص اسی سے مشتق ہے اس لیے کہ قصاص میں بھی پہلے فعل کی طرح کام کیا جاتا ہے۔ "
قتل کے بدلے قتل کرنا قصاص کہلاتا ہے۔ اس حوالے سے ابن منظور تحریر کرتے ہیں
"القَصُّ أَخذ الشعر بالمِقَصّ وأَصل القَصِّ القَطْعُ يقال قصَصْت ما بينهما أَي قطعت والمِقَصُّ ما قصَصْت به أَي قطعت یقال القِصاص في الجِراح مأْخوذ من هذا إِذا اقْتُصَّ له منه بِجِرحِه مثلَ جَرْحِه إِيّاه أَو قتْله به الليث القَصُّ فعل القاصّ۔"153
"قص سے مرادبالوں کو قینچی کے ساتھ کاٹنا اور قص کا اصل معنی ہے قطع کرنا (جدا کرنا) جیسے کہا جاتا ہے میں نے دو چیزوں کو آپس میں جدا کردیا اور مقص اس آلے کو کہتے ہیں جس سے کسی شے کا کاٹا جائے ، کہا جاتا ہے زخموں کا قصاص اسی سے ماخوذ ہے ، زخم کے بدلے میں زخم اور قتل کے بدلے میں قتل کیا جاتا ہے۔ "
قصاص کے معنی خون کا بدلہ لینے یانشانات پر چلنا کے ہیں ، جیسا کہ راغب اصفہانی کے نزدیک
"القص " نشان قدم پرچلنا ہے۔ محاورہ ہے "قصصت اثرہ " میں اس کے نقش قدم پر چلا۔قصص کے معنی نشان کے ہیں جیسے"فارتدا علی اثارھما قصصا" پس وہ اپنے پاؤں کے نشان دیکھتے دیکھتے لوٹ گئے"154

Pakistan’s Stance on the ‘War on Terror: Challenging the Western Narrative

The tragic events of 11 September 2001 allowed the United States to reframe its pursuit of global hegemony as ‘War on Terror’ which is styled on Islamophobic rhetoric and action. To counter this campaign of Islamophobia, Pakistan has adopted a consistent and well-planned stance. The essential contours of Pakistan’s stance on the ‘War on Terror’ are the need to: condemn terrorism in all its forms and manifestations; defend Islam and Muslims; support the right of self-determination of oppressed people particularly, Palestinians and Kashmiris; respect international law; address the root causes of terrorism; and promote peace and harmony among cultures, civilizations and followers of diverse religions all over the world through promotion of a robust dialogue and  criminalization of  defamation of religions.

Relationship Between Instructional Leadership and Teachers’ Job Performance in Secondary Schools in the Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Title: “RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP AND TEACHERS’ JOB PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THE PROVINCE OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN”. Researcher: Zafar Khan Supervisor: Dr. Umar Ali khan University: Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan Year: 2012 Subject Area: Education Degree: PhD This study aimed at exploring teachers’ perceptions of instructional leadership of secondary school heads and relationship of these perceptions with their performance on the job at secondary school level in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan).The population of study consisted of 4488 teachers working in secondary schools during academic year 2009-10. Six hundred and fifty secondary school teachers were selected by using stratified random sampling technique, 493 (309 male and 184 female) teachers from 14 districts of the province responded with a response rate of 76%. Two instruments were used to collect the data: Instructional leadership questionnaire (ILQ) and teacher job performance scale (TJPS). ILQ was developed by the researcher and reliability of ILQ was measured by using Cronbach alpha coefficient, resulting in 0.87 for formulating educational objectives, 0.85 for developing learning environment, 0.83 for protecting instructional time, 0.87 for supervising and monitoring the progress, 0.88 for promoting professional development, and 0.96 for the whole questionnaire. Teacher Job Performance Scale (TJPS), developed by Hanif (2004) was adapted for this study. Mean, Standard xdeviation, t-test, Correlation and regression were the statistical techniques used for the analysis of data.The results showed that teachers perceived instructional leadership of their school heads at moderate level in four functions, except for the function of providing learning environment that was perceived by teachers at higher level. Gender wise results showed that female secondary school heads were perceived better instructional leaders than their male counterparts in formulating educational objectives, providing learning environment, supervising and monitoring the progress, but in the functions of protecting instructional time and promoting professional development both are at the same level. No statistical significant difference was found in the teachers’ perception about instructional leadership of secondary school heads in rural and urban areas.A positive and statistical significant correlation at moderate level was found between Teachers’ perceptions of instructional leadership with their job performance. There were 16 out of 20 pairs showed positive correlations between Perceived instructional leadership measures and teachers’ job performance at .05 levels of significance. Positive impact of perceived instructional leadership was found on teacher job performance. According to teachers’ perceptions, 37% estimate in their job is contributed by the instructional leadership of school heads. As the perceptions of teachers about instructional leadership increases their level of performance also increases. It was concluded that instructional leadership employed by secondary school heads is at moderate level and contribution of instructional leadership function promoting professional development in the promotion of teachers’ job performance is higher as compared to other four functions. Research study suggested that secondary school heads should pay more attention on supervision and monitoring of the instructional process in their schools. xiIt is further recommended to Elemenatry and Secondary Education Department that workshops seminars and conferences should be organized so that school heads’ and teachers come together to discuss their problems for bringing improvement in teaching learning. This study provided a foundation for further research and added a measurement tool to the leadership literature.
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