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المبحث الخامس: إتفاق الشعراء حول نازك الملائكة

المبحث الخامس: إتفاق الشعراء حول نازك الملائكة
اتفق الشعراء والنقاد بأن نازك الملائکۃ شاعرۃ عظیمۃ لأنھا لھا ممیزات أدبیۃ وشعریۃ رائعۃ وأنھا تستجیب لشعورھا وإحساسھا قبل کل شيء. یقول محمد غنیمي : ’’الشاعر یستغرق في تجربتہ، والکشف عنھا ھو غایتہ، ونظرہ إلی جمھورہ ثانوي، لأن عملہ استجابہ إلی شعورہ قبل أن یکون تلبیۃ لفکرۃ‘‘. وقیل عن القرن التاسع عشر والقرن العشرین: ’’ھذا القرنان اللذان یعجبان بعدد من شاعرات العرب، عائشۃ التیموریۃ ونازك الملائکۃ وفدوی طوقان وعائکۃ الخزرجي وجلیلۃ رضا وجمیلۃ العلایلي وغیرھن‘‘ ۔
مکانة نازك الملائكة بين الشاعرات (النساء) في عصرها
لنازك الملائکۃ مکانۃ عظیمۃ بین شاعرات وأدیبات عصرھا، وتعتبر ھي الرائدۃ للشعر الحر، وقد أعطت نازك الملائکۃ تعریفاً واضحاً للشعر الحر بأن ’’ھو شعر ذو شطر واحد لیس لہ طول ثابت وإنما یصح أن یتغیر عدد تفعیلات من شطر إلی شطر .
والآن دعونا نتعرف علی بعض شاعرات العرب اللآتی لھن الفضل الکبیر والأعمال الرائعۃ القیمۃ في الساحۃ الأدبیہ سواءً النثر أو الشعر۔

عائشة التيمورية
ھي عائشۃ عصمت بنت إسماعیل باشا بن محمد کاشف تیمور، ولدت في أحد قصور(درب سعادۃ) عام 1840م۔ نشأت في بیت علم وسیاسۃ، تزوجت وھي في الرابعۃ عشرۃ من عمرھا سنۃ 1854م. فقدت الشاعرۃ ابنتھا توحیدۃ التي توفیت في سن الثانیۃ عشر وظلت سبع سنین ترثیھا حتی ضعف بصرھا وأصیبت بالرمد فانقطعت عن الشعر والأدب، وکان لھذا الحادث الأثر العمیق في نفس عائشۃ وظلت سبع سنوات بعد وفاۃ ابنتھا في حزن دائم وبکاء لا ینقطع في سنۃ 1898 أصیبت بمرض في المخ واستمر المرض أربع سنوات فتوفیت في 25 مایو عام 1902م۔
فدویٰ طوقان
فدوی طوقان (1917۔2003) من أھم شاعرات فلسطین في القرن العشرین من مدینۃ نابلس، ولقبت بشاعرۃ فلسطین، حیث مثّل شعرھا أساساً قویاً للتجارب الأنثویۃ في الحب والثورۃ واحتجاج المرأۃ علی المجتمع، فکانت شاعرۃ عظیمۃ وأدیبۃ رائعۃ لھا أعمال نثریۃ وشعریۃ.
شعرھا
1. وحدي مع الأیام،...

سیرت نبوی ﷺ کا اجتہادی پہلو

Establishment of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard means supremacy of the dictates of shari‘ah and socio-political justice on earth. This is one of the basic objectives and prominent messages of the Holy Quran and Seerah of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). About khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard the Holy Quran expresses as:   -وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُم فِي الأَرْضِ …  -الَّذِينَ إِن مَّكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلاَةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ المُنكَرِ وَلِلَّهِ عَاقِبَةُ الأُمُورِ.  -هُوَ الَّذِي أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُ بِالْهُدَى وَدِينِ الْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُ عَلَى الدِّينِ كُلِّهِ وَكَفَى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً.  Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) proclaims:   - وَاَللَّهِ لَوْ وَضَعُوا الشَّمْسَ فِي يَمِينِي وَالْقَمَرَ فِي يَسَارِي عَلَى أَنْ أَتْرُكَ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ حَتَّى يُظْهِرَهُ اللَّهُ أَوْ أَهْلِكَ فِيهِ مَا تَرَكْتُهُ. The Holy Quran and the Seerah refer to some underlying milestones on the way of religious nations to status of khalafah and tamkeen fin ‘ard. These milestones may be expressed in an order as: da‘wah [preaching], deen [practices of prophetic teachings], hijrah [migration], ma‘iyyat-ul-Allah [companionship of Allah], qital [wars], nusrat-ul-Allah [divine aid], izhar-ud-deen [domination of deen] and khilafah [inheritance of authority]. This is noteworthy that journey of khalafah and tamkeen fin ‘ard begins with da‘wah [preaching towards deen] and passing through various milestones ends up again at da‘wah, as obvious from ayat-ul-istakhlaf quoted above. Therefore, the seekers of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard should strive hard and keep struggling with the work of da‘wah with dedication in all circumstances and all means as per time and place requirements in lined with the modus operandi of Prophets, particularly Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w), instead of awaiting the status of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard as prerequisite to start with the work of da‘wah and establishment of deen. This paper primarily aims to elaborate the milestones of Muslim Ummah to reach to the status of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard. It also cast light on the objectives of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard. This work provides useful guidance to Muslim Ummah in general and Ahlud da‘wah in particular about milestones and objectives of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard.

Molecular and Phytochemical Elaboration of Tea Genotypes Grown in Pakistan

Tea is the most popular non-alcoholic beverage obtained as an infusion of the leaves of Camellia sinensis (the tea shrub). Pakistan is the second largest importer of tea and its consumption in the country is increasing day by day. Pakistan imports almost all of its tea; spending a large amount of foreign exchange annually. Tea has recently been introduced in Pakistan as a crop and needs improved genotypes suitable to the local agro climatic conditions for fulfilling the local need. This will only be possible through discovering genotypes of higher potential and adopting of appropriate production strategies in the tea growing areas of the country. Keeping in view the dire need of understanding the genetic potential of tea genotypes this project was undertaken for characterizing all the tea cultivars currently grown in Pakistan. The cultivars were analyzed through quantitative trait analysis, DNA fingerprinting and phytochemical investigations. For quantitative trait analysis 12 genotypes, including 4 commercial varieties; 4 germplasm collections and 4 land races, were grown at two locations in District Mansehra, Pakistan. For DNA analysis 130 plants, 10 plants per genotype were screened. Quantitative trait analysis of the genotypes was carried-out for 18 quantitative and seven qualitative traits. Based on statistical analysis of leaf, shoot and seed parameters all the genotypes could be placed into two groups’ i.e. broad and narrow leaved genotypes. These groups corresponded to the Chinese and Assam types of tea. The grouping was corroborated by the fact that the narrow leaved Chinese, T-05-10 and JP-01-05 genotypes exhibited similar clustering pattern both for quantitative and qualitative parameters irrespective of the locations where the genotypes were grown. Phytochemical analysis of total polyphenols, amino acids, caffeine contents and water extracted substances from fresh tea leaves of the genotypes showed significant differences among genotypes having CV-percentage values of 18.13, 14.96, 11.0 and 5.0 respectively. Cluster analysis based on Euclidean Distance Coefficient, revealed four groups and separated the broad leaved genotypes from others.Similar results were observed using Principle Co-ordinate Analysis (PCoA).The plot of the first two components based on all characters showed a clear separation of broad leaved genotypes (C. assamica), namely IN-01-07 and SL-01-05 genotypes from the narrow leaved (C. sinensis) genotypes. For DNA analysis 75 genotypes were screened with 20 RAPD primers and 103 genotypes were screened with 12 SSR primers. Genetic diversity among the genotypes was calculated according to Nei and Li’s (1979) UPGMA and bivariate data matrix which were used for making dendrogram and deciding genetic affinity or diversity among the genotypes. RAPD primers detected 115 different alleles whereas the number of alleles analyzed through SSR primers was 87.Genetic distance estimates ranged from 0-100% showing high level of diversity among screened genotypes. UPGMA cluster analysis of RAPD data showed mixed grouping profile of the samples, however, samples from different plants of particular genotypes segregated into independent sub-clusters. Average number of alleles amplified per SSR marker varied from 4 to 10.Pair wise genetic diversity among all samples ranged from 0% to 100%.Dendrogram based cluster analysis revealed five main clusters showing mixed pattern but most of the genotypes were separated in sub groups according to the genetic affinity. The findings of molecular analyses were generally cocurred with the results obtained from quantitative trait analysis which revealed a close genetic affinity among the tea genotypes based on the leaf size. The variations between and within genotypes; collected from different sites; were very high; confirming differences in origin of the tested samples.Failure of placing some broad leaf genotypes into clearly defined separate clusters may be due to introgressions as a result of cross pollination in tea cultivars. Results obtained from quantitative and qualitative trait analysis superimposed on phytochemical data clearly differentiated all the tea genotypes into two discrete groups viz. broad and narrow leaved genotypes. Molecular results also coincided with that of morphological and phytochemical analysis except that molecular analyses separated the two taxa in individual sub-clusters instead of main clusters. Ich-08 genotype was found to be best in flush production, however it has poor adoptability. On the other hand Ich-05 was found best in adaptability at the same time having flush production comparable to Ich-08. Hence Ich-08 is recommended for further evaluation and for registration as a new variety for general cultivation.
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