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وچھوڑا

وچھوڑا
(آنحضور قبلہ صوفی محمد اصغر صاحب رینجرز والے آف جہلم شریف والوں کے جانے کے بعد یہ نظم تحریر میں آئی)
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وسدے ہاسے سجناں نال
سجناں باہجھوں دل کرلاندا
رو رو ہاڑے ترلے پاندا
ماہی جلدی مکھ وکھال
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ماہی ساڈا سب توں سوہنا
لے گیا ہاسے، دے گیا رونا
رو رو غم تھیں ہوئے نڈھال
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دلبر سانوں چھوڑ سدھارے
جوں رانجھا گیا تخت ہزارے
روندی رہ گئی ہیر سیال
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سجن سانوں کملی کیتا
ٹر گیا چھڈ کے چپ چپیتا
رو رو کھلے سر دے وال
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قادری سائیںؔ دے نال جے ویندے
کدی ناں اتنے دُکھڑے پیندے
مکدے فیر سارے جنجال
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Vivekananda’s Views on Christianity and Islam

Vivekananda was the Hindu revivalist of nineteenth century who preached the message of equality of all religions. In his lectures, he guided people to assimilation of religions and not their destruction. He emphasized on peace and harmony of religions that could only be attained through tolerance. This paper explores his claim of equality of religions from his writings regarding two religions - Christianity and Islam. Critical approach is utilized to identify the fact that either he is equating all religions or he is trying to submerge the non-Hindu religions in his philosophy of neo-Vedanta. Apparently, the tension between these two positions makes his theory of pluralism suspicious. In other words, his popular image of being a pioneer of religious pluralism needs to be reassesses by studying his writings and presentation of the beliefs, rituals, and practices of other religions, as well as, his practical interactions with the followers of different religions during his life. In this connection, it is important to explore how he perceives and depicts the personalities of Jesus Christ and Muhammad.

Exploratory Functional Flood Frequency Analysis and Outlier Detection in Pakistan

The flood risk prevention and the effective water resources management and planning require flows of a river to be recorded continuously and analysed at considered barrages or dams. For a given barrage and dam the flow temporal variation over a certain span of time can graphically be represented by a hydrograph. The hydrograph provides information which is essential for determining the frequencies and severity of flood events. The major characteristics of flood hydrograph are duration (d), peak (p) and volume (v) which are obtained from the components of the hydrograph. Traditional approaches for frequency analysis of hydrology considered these features individually in a context of the univariate study. These features were considered jointly in a multivariate study so that the structure of their dependency could be encountered. Hence, the univariate approaches are not reliable enough to represent the phenomenon and cause reducing the accuracy of risk estimation whereas multivariate approaches contribute in improving the accuracy of risk estimation by considering joint features and dependency structure between characteristics of a flood. However, all the preceding approaches carried the aim of analysing the number of flood characteristics and ignored the comprehensive information provided by the hydrograph. Present research carries an object which contains a framework to introduce the hydrographs as a functional data curve for frequency analysis. This context uses the whole hydrograph as an infinite dimensional observation so that more efficient and effective estimates regarding the risk of associated extreme events can be obtained. The contribution of the proposed approach is to address the problem usually encountered in hydrology regarding incomplete data by exhaustively employing complete information produced by the hydrographs. A number of tools for the analysis of functional data (AFD) are introduced and applied to frequency analysis of flood (FAF) in order to execute exploratory analysis which is an initial step towards comprehensive functional FAF. The methods employed as a first step of exploratory analysis are a visualization of data, measures of location and scale, principal component analysis and detection of outliers are illustrated using real-world flood data of barrages and dams on the River Indus of Pakistan.
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