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باب سوم: آبی وسائل کا مطالعہ

پانی کی اہمیت و افادیت

تعارف(Introduction)

عربی میں پانی "ماء"کہلاتاہے۔ پانی زندگی کے بنیادی مادہ کی حیثیت رکھتا ہےتما م مشروبات کا سردار ہے، کائنات کا اصلی اور حقیقی عنصر ہے۔ آسمان پانی کے بخارت سے بنائے گئے ہیں جبکہ زمین اس کی جھاگ سے پیدا گئی ہے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ ہر چیز کو پانی کے ذریعے زندہ رکھا ہے۔

کائنات چار ارکان کا مرکب ہے جن میں ایک پانی ہے۔ جیساکہ علامہ الجاحظ ؒ لکھتے ہیں:

"الأركان الأربعة، التي هي الماء والأرض والهواء والنار"[1]

امام ابن قیم ؒ رقمطراز ہیں:

"مَاءٌ: مَادَّةُ الْحَيَاةِ، وَسَيِّدُ الشَّرَابِ، وَأَحَدُ أَرْكَانِ الْعَالَمِ، بَلْ رُكْنُهُ الْأَصْلِيُّ، فَإِنَّ السَّمَاوَاتِ خُلِقَتْ مِنْ بُخَارِهِ، وَالْأَرْضَ مِنْ زَبَدِهِ، وَقَدْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ حَيٍّ"[2]

مذکورہ عبارت سے صراحت ہوتی ہے، پانی مادہ حیات ہے جو آسمان، زمین اور ہر زندہ چیز کی تخلیق میں بنیادی حیثیت کا حامل قدرتی وسیلہ ہے۔

انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف بریٹانیکا میں ہے:

“Water, a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Water is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds .”[3]

انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف ریلیجن کا مقا لہ نگار لکھتا ہے:

“Water is essential for man’s life ;it ensures his nourishment by fertilizing the land. It is more than nourishment ,since it is the source of nourishment.”[4]

آکسفورڈ انگلش ڈکشنری کے مطابق پانی (water) :         

“The liquid of which seas, lakes, and rivers are composed ,and which as rains and issues from springs. When pure , it is transparent...

Portrayal of Positive Psychological Capital in Quran

The present study aims at exploring positive psychological capital in the verses of Qur’an. Positive psychology is the latest advancement in the field of psychology which focuses on improving the well-being of society. Positive psychological capital refers to the combination of overall qualities of positive psychology that contributes to the well-being and mental health. The present study is based on the content analysis of the verses of Qur’an. Content analysis comprises of three steps including identifying the categories or themes, dividing the information into units or parts and finally rating all the themes in all units. In the first step the researchers identified 41 themes from Qur’an by using committee approach and reading the verses between the lines. All these categories were identified by keeping in view the underlying themes of positive psychology. In the second step 30 units were devised from Qur’an by considering each Part as a single unit. The categories included behavior modification, belief in divine help, brotherhood, bravery, contentment, civility, credibility, encouragement of virtue, emotional regulation, excellence, forgiveness, generosity, gratitude, honesty, hopefulness, humility, justice, knowledge, lawful spending, learning, meaningfulness, mindfulness, moderation, obedience, patience, peace, determination, positivity, prosperity, repentance, resilience, reward, self-actualization, self-awareness, self-control, sincerity, social leadership, truthfulness, trust, and wisdom. Results suggest that the most prominent category in Qur’an is the reward. Validity of the study was maintained through the selection of the themes with the help of committee approach. Reliability of the scoring system was maintained through partial inter-rater reliability. Overall the present research has many implications in the positive psychology of religion.    

3D Simulations of Low-Mass Proto-Stellar Disks With Certain Initial Conditions Using Smoothed Particle Hydro Dynamics

Results of the numerical study on the initial formation stages of low-mass protostellar systems leading to single, binary, triplet, and quadruple protostar systems formation are reported here. In addition to these various types of protostellar objects we also investigate the overall structure formation that takes place within collapsing molecular cores that yield during the course of evolution the spiral structure formation, ring formation, and bar formation under various initial conditions chosen for a rotating solar mass cloud of molecular hydrogen to mimic the states prevailing in star formation regions in our Milky Way galaxy. There have been three key parameters belonging to the initial star forming conditions whose effects on the overall outcome of protostallar systems have been examined. These parameters are the initial thermal state of the prestellar core, the amplitude of azimuthal density perturbation introduced in initially uniform density state of the core, and the impact of the critical density which governs the transition from isothermal to adiabatic thermodynamic behavior of the collapsing core. For protostellar binaries, the separation is determined as a function of the initial thermal state of the core by varying its initial temperature. For this purpose a slightly modified version of the Burkert and Bodenheimer collapse test is taken into consideration. We find that the result is fairly sensitive to both the initial thermal state of the cloud and the initial azimuthal density perturbation’s amplitude A. For A=10 %, variations of only 1 unit Kelvin below 10 K causes a change of up to 100 AU in protobinary separation, while for this small amplitude of perturbation the initial temperatures above 10 K result a single low-mass fragment, instead of a binary, that does not reach even near to the protostellar densities. However, protostellar binaries, do appear if the amplitude of perturbation is enhanced from 10 % to 25 %. A star forming hydrogen gas is normally considered to be initially at 10 K. For structural formation study, we have explored that an oscillation around this normally considered value can be influential in determining the fate of a collapsing gas as it evolves in its structural properties that may lead to formation of proto-stars. We examined the initial range of temperature of star forming gas between 8 K to 12 K and tried to compare the emerging physical properties within the early phase of formation of protostellar system. According to our findings the spiral structures are likely to appear in a strongly perturbed molecular cores that commence their phase of collapse from temperatures lesser than 10 K. However, cores with initial temperatures more than 10 K potentially develop, instead of spiral, a ring structure which afterwards experiences the clumps formation. It is possible to observe a transition from spiral to ring instability at a typical initial core temperature of 10 K. Similarly, while investigating the effects of critical density variations on the evolution of protostellar systems, we find that the critical density affects the structural evolution of the envelope of gas, also the dimension of emerging rotating disk structures during collapse too get affected as well as the number of fragments appearing from the concluding fragmentation of the disks. It is suggested that this mechanism has the potential to give birth to young protostellar objects that may eventually constitute systems of bound multiple protostars. The entire numerical experiment is conducted by using 250025 SPH particles to construct virtually the geometry of each molecular core investigated here.
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