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تحقیق کی ابتدا

تحقیق کے مباحث
موضوع1:تحقیق کی ابتدا
کہتے ہیں کہ حق تعالی نے انسان کو تخلیق کیا اور اسے بہت کچھ عطا کیا لیکن ایک چیز اس کی زنبیل میں نہیں ڈالی اور وہ سکون ہے۔انسان متجسس طبیعت لے کر پیدا ہوا اس میں کچھ کرگزرنے کا جذبہ بدرجہ اتم موجود ہے۔اسی جذبہ نے اسے غوروفکر پر مجبور کیا۔چونکہ انسا ن کو زندگی میں نت نئے مسائل کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہے اس لیے انسان زندگی کے ان مسائل کا حل تلاش کرنے کی کوشش کرتا ہے۔قدرت اس پر مہربان ہو جاتی ہے اور آئے روز نئے انکشافات کے نت نئے دروازے کھل گئے جس سے ابن آدم کی حوصلہ افزائی ہوئی۔یہ ابتدا اتفاقیہ یا بعض اوقات غوروفکر کے نتیجے میں ہوئی۔یوں ہر انسانی الجھن کا حل دریافت ہوا اور یہ حل ایک نئی دریافت ثابت ہوئی گویا یہ تحقق کی ابتدائی اور غیر مربوط صورت تھی جو بالعموم انفرادی کوششوں کا حامل تھی۔بعد ازاں ترقی کے بعد اس نے ان تجربات کو مربوط کیا اور دوسرے باصلاحیت لوگوں کو اپنی کاوشوں میں شریک کیا۔
تحقیق کے معنی و مفہوم
تحقیق اردو زبان کے زبان لفظ حق سے ہے جس کے معنی سچائی کے ہیں یعنی حقیقت کی تلاش۔تحقیق عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے اس کا مادہ "ح۔ق۔ق" ہے جس کے معنی کھرے اور کھوٹے کی چھان بین کے ہیں۔تحقیق کے لیے انگریزی میں لفظ Researchاستعمال ہوتا ہے۔Re کے معنی دوبارہ اور search کے معنی تلاش ہیں۔گویاریسرچ یا تحقیق کے معنی دوبارہ تلاش کرنے کے ہیں۔کرافورڈ کے مطابق:
"اس کی ابتدا ء کسی مسئلہ سے ہوتی ہے پھر وہ مواد جمع کرتی ہے ،پھر اس کا تنقیدی تجزیہ کرتی ہے اور صحیح شہادت کی بنا پر کسی نتیجے پر پہنچتی ہے۔"
ویبسٹر نیو انٹرنیشنل ڈکشنری:
" تحقیق محتاط یا سرگرم تلاش اور گہری جستجو کا نام ہے۔"

The Politics of Energy Trade Between Iran and Pakistan

Pakistan and Iran are neighboring countries that have longstanding historical ties. However, there is little research available about Pakistan-Iran energy trade relations, especially with respect to the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline. This research is based on primary data collected through qualitative interviews with key policymakers, academicians, and social activists, from Australia, India, Pakistan, and the United States. Based on the analysis of the data, this paper argues that there are risks involved for Pakistan in either honoring United States’ sanctions on Iran or bypassing them. In the former, Pakistan is incurring a huge cost in terms of delayed energy import from Iran while in the latter Pakistan, its officials, and its relevant organizations may face heavy sanctions by the United States. The study concludes that Pakistan must adopt a safer policy to pursue energy import from Iran while conducting good relations with both U.S. And Iran. The participation of India in the Iran-Pakistan energy project can increase the likelihood of its success.

The Influence of Seed Priming With P & Zn Solutions and its Optimization With Respect to Rate and Duration on Yield of Cereals

Benefits of seed priming can be best achieved if seed are primed in proper concentration of nutrient for optimum duration. A series of experiments were conducted in laboratory, greenhouse and field during 2008-2011 at The University of Agriculture, Peshawar to study the effect of P and Zn seed priming on germination, emergence and yield of cereals (wheat and maize). Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the optimal duration and maximal concentration of zinc (Zn) and phosphorus (P) for priming wheat and maize seed. The seeds were soaked with water through a range of durations (0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 h) and tested for germination. Seed soaked for 18 h resulted in higher mean germination and final germination whereas less time to 50% germination. In subsequent experiments, seeds were primed for 18 h in various concentrations of Zn (0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0% and 3.5%) and P (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 5%) along with dry and water soaked seeds as control treatment. Less time to 50% germination and higher mean and total germination was noted for seed primed with 0.1% and 0.5% P (wheat and maize); and 0.05% and 0.1% Zn (wheat) or 0.1% and 0.5% Zn solutions (maize). Chemical analysis of the Zn- and P-primed seed of wheat and maize revealed that increasing Zn and P concentration in the priming solution caused an increase in the Zn and P concentration of the primed seed, respectively. The two maximal concentrations of Zn and P were further evaluated in subsequent pot experiment in glasshouse. Results of the pot experiment revealed that lower time to 50% emergence and higher total emergence was recorded for seed primed in 0.05% Zn (wheat) or 0.1% Zn (maize) and 0.1% P (both crops). Seedlings resulted from seed primed with high concentration of P and Zn had more P and Zn, respectively. The field experiment consisted of three priming treatments i.e. NP (no primed seeds), ZnP ( wheat seed primed in 0.05% Zn and maize in 0.1% Zn) and PP (wheat and maize seed primed in 0.1% P); two levels of P (45 and 90 kg ha-1 for wheat whereas 30 and 60 kg ha-1 for maize) and two levels of Zn (10 and 15 kg ha-1 for both crops) as soil fertilization. Dry and water soaked seeds were used as control treatment. Urea and SSP were applied to provide N and P, respectively. Results showed that priming significantly affected emergence and yield parameters. Lower days to 50% emergence and higher emergence m-2, plant height, number of tillers m-2, number of spikes/cobs m-2, grains per spike/cob, thousand grain weight, grain yield and dry matter yield were recorded for seed primed in 0.05% Zn (wheat) or 0.1% Zn (maize) along with 90 kg P ha-1 (wheat) or 60 kg P ha-1 (maize) and 15 kg Zn ha-1 as soil application followed by seed primed in 0.1% P along with the same amount of fertilizer application. Phosphorus and zinc concentration in wheat and maize seedling, leaf and grain were significantly affected by different combination of priming and soil application of fertilizer. This simple, low-cost, low-risk and easily adoptable technology is expected to possibly reduce, to some extent, fertilizer and irrigation water requirements of the crop and significantly increase grain yield which will largely benefit economy of the resource-poor farmers and the country.
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