Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

قائداعظم محمد علی جناح

قائداعظم محمد علی جیناؔ رحمہ اﷲ
افسوس ہے کہ ۱۱؍ ستمبر ۱۹۴۸؁ء کی شب کو قائداعظم محمد علی جناح کا کراچی میں بہتر (۷۲) برس کی عمر میں انتقال ہوگیا، پاکستان و ہندوستان اور عالم اسلام نے اس حادثہ پر بڑا صدمہ محسوس کیا، دوسرے دن عصر کے وقت کئی لاکھ کے مجمع میں ان کی نماز جنازہ ادا کی گئی اور تدفین عمل میں آئی، عام مسلمانوں میں ان کو جوہر دلعزیزی حاصل تھی اس کا اثر یہ ہے کہ ہندوستان اور اکثر اسلامی ملکوں، ریاستوں اور شہروں نے ان کا ماتم کیا اور ان کے لئے قرآن خوانی اور مغفرت کی دعا کی گئی۔
مرحوم کے سیاسی کارنامے آفتاب کی طرح روشن ہیں، وہ بڑے قانون داں، بڑے مناظر اور اجتماعیات کے بڑے نبض شناس تھے اور اپنے پیروؤں پر بلا کا اثر رکھتے تھے، ان کی بڑی خصوصیت اپنی بات پر جم کر دوسروں سے اپنی بات منوانے کی قوت تھی، انہوں نے اپنی اس قوت کا مظاہرہ پاکستان کے مطالبہ میں پوری طرح کیا اور بالآخر کامیابی حاصل کی اور ایک ایسی حکومت قائم کی جس کا دعویٰ ہے کہ وہ اس وقت سب سے بڑی اسلامی حکومت ہے اور آبادی کے لحاظ سے دنیا میں اس کا پانچواں درجہ ہے۔
ہندوستان کی سیاست میں مرحوم کا بڑا حصہ ہے اور ۱۹۱۶؁ء سے لے کر جب لیگ اور کانگریس میں ان کی کوشش سے مشہور پیکٹ ہوا، ۱۹۴۸؁ء تک سوائے ان چند سالوں کے جب وہ ترک موالات کی تحریک میں کانگریس سے الگ ہوگئے۔ ہمیشہ ایک لیڈر کی حیثیت سے ملک میں ممتازرہے، ان کی نسبت ان کے دوست اور دشمن ایک بات پورے وثوق کے ساتھ کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ وہ نہ کبھی حکومت وقت سے ڈرے اور نہ جاہ و منصب کی کوئی حرص و طمع ان کو اپنی...

The Origin and Evolution of Sufism

The early Sufis believed that there were two dimensions to the revelations received by the Prophet, words of the Qur’an in their appearance, and the divine inspiration in his heart. This divinely inspired knowledge in the heart, Sufis claim, was gifted to only a chosen few, who contemplated and longedfor nearness with the creator. The early Sufis also laid emphasis on one of the basic tenets of Islam i. e. ihsan. Ihsan is that level of devotion where the devotee is completely absorbed in the worship of God. The ultimate aim of the Sufis is to raise the level of ihsan to experience the presence ofGod. Since the Last Prophet (s. a. w.) was paragon of virtues including ihsan, it was assumed that Sufism or Tasawwuf originatedfrom the Prophet himself. This paper aims to focus on the point of origin of tasawwuf, on the one hand and the need for its revival, on the other.

Non-Newtonian Fluids Flows: Exact Analytical Solutions and Numerical Results

The main aim of this thesis is to present new exact analytical solutions for different motions of non-Newtonian fluids in which the velocity is given on one part of the boundary and the shear stress on the other part. In chapter 1 some important concepts regarding Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, differential and rate type fluids, some constitutive equations, equations of motion, and some integral transforms are discussed. Then in all the next chapters exact analytical solutions for the velocity field and the shear stress(es) corresponding to some flows in which the velocity is given on one part of the boundary and the shear stress on the other part are established for different kinds of non-Newtonian fluids as well as some fractional models. In Chapter 2 exact analytic solutions for helical flows of a second grade fluid between two infinite coaxial cylinders are established. The motion is produced by the inner cylinder that after time t = 0+ applies torsional and longitudinal oscillating shear stresses to the fluid along the common axis and the outer cylinder is at rest. The exact analytic solutions, obtained with the help of Laplace and finite Hankel transforms and presented as a sum of the steady-state and transient solutions, satisfy both the governing equations and all associated initial and boundary conditions. In the special case when α1 → 0 they reduce to the corresponding solutions for Newtonian fluids. Finally, the effect of various parameters of interest on transient parts of the velocity components, as well as a comparison between second grade and Newtonian fluids, is discussed through graphical illustration. In Chapter 3 helical flows for a Maxwell fluid between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders are studied. At time t = 0+ , the inner cylinder begins to rotate around its axis and to slide along the same axis due to torsional and longitudinal time dependent shear stresses and the outer cylinder is at rest. Exact solutions obtained with the help of the finite Hankel transform, presented in series form, satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. The corresponding solutions for a Newtonian fluid and large-time solutions are also obtained as limiting cases and the effect of material parameters on the large-time solutions is discussed. Finally, the influence of pertinent parameters on the velocity components and shear stresses, as well as a comparison between Maxwell and Newtonian fluids, is also analyzed by graphical illustrations. Chapter 4 deals with the study of unsteady flow of a Maxwell fluid with fractional derivative model, between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders, using Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. The motion of the fluid is produced by the inner cylinder that, after time t = 0+ , is subject to time dependent longitudinal shear stresses and the outer cylinder is at rest. Velocity field and the adequate shear stress are presented in series form in terms of the generalized G and R functions. The solutions obtained satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. The corresponding solutions for ordinary Maxwell and Newtonian fluids are obtained as limiting cases of general solutions. Finally, the influence of the pertinent parameters on the fluid motion as well as a comparison between the three models is underlined by graphical illustrations. Chapter 5 concerns the unsteady flow of a generalized Burgers’ fluid, between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders. The motion of the fluid is produced by the inner cylinder that, after the initial moment, applies a longitudinal time dependent shear to the fluid and the outer cylinder is at rest. The solutions obtained by means of Laplace and finite Hankel transforms, are presented in series form in term of the usual Bessel functions, satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. Moreover, the corresponding solutions for Burgers’, Oldroyd-B, Maxwell, second grade and Newtonian fluids appear as special cases of the present results. For large values of t, they tend to the steady solutions that are the same for all kinds of fluids. Finally, the influence of the material parameters on the fluid motion, as well as a comparison between models, is shown by graphical illustrations. Chapter 6 is devoted to the study of the flow of a generalized Burgers’ fluid, between two infinite coaxial cylinders. The motion is due to the inner cylinder that applies a time dependent torsional shear to the fluid and the outer cylinder is at rest. The solutions that have been obtained, presented in series form in terms of usual Bessel functions J1 (•), J2 (•), Y1 (•) and Y2 (•), satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. Moreover, the corresponding solutions for Burgers’, Oldroyd-B, Maxwell, second grade, Newtonian fluids as well as large-time and transient solutions for a generalized Burgers’ fluid are also obtained as special cases of general solutions. The effect of various parameters on large-time and transient solutions of a generalized Burgers’ fluid is also discussed. Furthermore, for small values of the material parameters, λ2 and λ4 or λ1 , λ2 , λ3 and λ4 , the general solutions corresponding to generalized Burgers’ fluids tend to those for Oldroyd-B and Newtonian fluids respectively. Finally, the influence of the pertinent parameters on the fluid motion, as well as a comparison between models, is shown by graphical illustrations.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.