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تیراک

تیراک

وجیہہ ضمیر

پورا دن گزر گیا اور شام ہونے والی ہے۔ دریائی پانی کے بہاو پر شفق کے عکس کی چادر تن گئی ہے۔ بوڑھا ماہی گیر، جس کے ماتھے کی شکنیں مزید گہری اور ایک دوسرے کو کاٹنے لگ گئیں۔وہ تھکن کے احساس سے بڑبڑانے لگا۔"آج کا دن ہی کچھ منحوس تھا۔کوئی بڑی مچھلی ہاتھ نہ آئی"۔ بوڑھے ماہی گیر کا معاون، اٹھارہ برس کا کھلنڈرا جوان ہے۔جسےاس کی بوڑھی بیوہ ماں نے، مچھلیاں پکڑنے کے گر سیکھنے کےلیے اس کے پاس چھوڑ رکھا تھا۔یہ انتہائی جذباتی، متجسس اور ہر وقت اپنی ذات کے اندر بے تکے سوالوں کی ٹر ٹر لگائے رکھتا تھا۔ وہ ہر لمحہ کچھ نہ کچھ سوچتا ہی رہتا،خود ہی سوال اٹھاتا اور خود کو ہی جواب دے کر مطمن کر دیتا۔ لیکن پچھلے کچھ عرصے سے خدا کا منطقہ اس کے ذہن میں یوں اٹک گیا جیسے گلے میں ہڈی پھنس جاتی ہے۔سارا دن یہ سوال مسلسل پوچھ پوچھ کر اس نے اپنے استاد کا سر کھا لیا۔استاد اسے بےوقوف لڑکا سمجھتے ہوئے کئی طرح سے ٹالتا رہا۔ لڑکے نے آخری بار پوچھنے کا فیصلہ کرتے ہوئے ذرا تیکھے پن سے کہا:

"استاد! اب بتاو ہی دو، یہ خدا کس بلا کا نام ہے؟"

استاد نے جال سمیٹے اور تیوری چڑھاتے ہوئے، اسے دیکھا اور بولا۔"بکو مت، یہ کیا بکواس کر رہے ہو سنو ۔ خدا نظر نہیں آتا، لیکن رحم و کرم سے بھرپور اور انسان سے محبت کرتا ہے۔" لڑکے کے ذہن میں اٹکا یہ معاملہ جیسے سلجھ گیا ہو۔ وہ پہلے زیر لب مسکرایا، پھر ہنسا، پھر قہقہے لگانے شروع کر دیے اور رواں گہرے پانی میں چھلانگ لگا دی۔ شاید اس نے یہ سوچا ہو گا کہ مجھے بھی نظر نہیں آ...

Perceptions of Pakistani Society About Western Enlightenment: An Analysis in the Light of Islamic Teachings

The study was conducted to examine some of the important questions raised by both the religious scholars and the proponents of the Enlightenment movement. The purpose of the study was to interpret enlightenment in Western and Islamic context and to examine the impact of western enlightenment on contemporary Pakistani society in the light of Islamic teachings. The study was quantitative in nature. Survey was conducted to probe into the perceptions of the Pakistani people regarding impact of western enlightenment on various aspects of contemporary Pakistani society. The sample of the study was 1000 people from four provincial headquarters of Pakistan including male and female from urban and rural areas of the provincial capitals. Two research instruments were developed by the researcher based on review of the related literature. First was a questionnaire named WEBI, Western Enlightenment Beliefs Inventory; second was a checklist named WEKAPC, Western Enlightenment Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Checklist. Results showed that most of the respondents were of the view that western enlightenment exerted significant influences on their thinking, lifestyles, and education, culture, media and social practices. Majority of the respondents thought that western enlightenment emphasized on tolerance, cultural harmony, equality, social justice and independent thinking. Gender-wise comparisons indicated that male respondents were more positive towards western enlightenment than the female respondents. It was recommended that Pakistani society needs to be made aware of the philosophy of western enlightenment and Islamic values which are characteristics of western enlightenment movement. There is need to initiate interfaith dialogue to understand socio-cultural dynamics of a Muslim society and a western society.

Transformation and Expression Studies of Multiple Frost Tolerant Genes in Solanum Tuberosum L.

Potato crop is vulnerable to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses. Among abiotic stresses, frost may cause devastating effects on quantity as well as quality of yield. In Pakistan, 75% of potato is cultivated as autumn season crop sown in Sep-Oct and harvested in Jan-Feb. This crop undergoes frost during tuber formation stage resulting in significant loss of production. The aim of the present research was the expression studies of Ice Recrystallization Inhibition Protein (IRI3) from Lolium perenne, Antifreeze protein (AFP) from Daucus carota and Zinc Finger protein (ZnFP) from Gossypium hirsutum under CaMV35S Promoter in potato variety Diamant to enhance the tolerance against cold stress. Expression of these genes in potato was enhanced under the influence of 58 base pair 5’-untranslated region of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene (ADH1) as a Translational enhancer. To study sub-cellular Localization of these Proteins, gene cassettes were fused with GFP gene and transformed in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Confocal Microscopy revealed the expression of these proteins in the cytoplasm of the cells of Germinating Arabidospsis seedling under stress conditions. To achieve the objective of this study, genes were cloned in plant expression vector pCAMBIA 1301 under the control of 35S constitutive promoter and then transformed into potato plants through Agrobacterium mediated transformation system. Transgenic plants were confirmed with GUS histochemical analysis, PCR and southern Blot analysis. Quantitative expression in Positive transgenic plants was increased under stress conditions. As high as 20.41 fold increase of IRI3 gene expression was observed under stress conditions. The expression of ZnFP and AFP was also increased 16.1 folds and 10.2 folds respectively under stress conditions. Positive transgenic plants exhibited reduction in ion leakage percentage. Ion leakage percentage was observed as 59.41% for IRI3, 65.34% for ZnFP and 70.21% for AFP as compared to 83.21% of control. Plant survival rate was enhanced significantly in transgenic plants. It can be concluded from the results that these genes induced tolerance against low temperature. Thus, use of DNA recombinant technology to combat abiotic stress could be promising for increasing the production of the potato crop in Pakistan.
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