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Preface

Almighty Allah revealed the Holy Qur’an for guidance of the mankind. This guidance cannot be acquired without pondering over the meanings of this book. Different scholars dedicated their lives for understanding and then spreading the message of the Almighty Allah. This book is a study of the work on translations and tafasīr of Holy Qur’an. In Sub-Continent, a large number of religious scholars dedicated themselves for the service of Holy Qur’an.  Their vision was broad and they elaborated meanings of the Holy Qur’an according to their own mental approach They were appreciated and criticized by scholars of different sects of the society. There is a dire need to understand and spread the teachings of the Holy book. Hopefully this work will encourage the readers to be aware of the research of theologians. Shāh Walī Allāh is the most important religious figure of Sub-Continent. He and his sons played very important role in spreading the message of Qur’an. Brief services of this family are elaborated in this book. Scholars of Sindh have contributed in writing translations and commentaries of Holy Qur’an. Some of their contributions are highlighted. The reader will also find introduction of well-known translations and tafasīr of the 20th century. But this introduction is restricted to the Sub-continent. Through this book. the writer wants only to motivate people for learning the Holy Book. It is not claimed that services of all the Qur’anic theologians of Sub-continent are highlighted. This is a matter of pride for the author that things are discussed without any prejudice. The readers are the best judges. Suggestions regarding the improvement will be welcomed. I am thankful to Prof. Dr. Shams-ul-Basar and Dr. Zohaib Ahmad for guidance and Co-operation regarding the publication of this work. May Allah Almighty shower blessings on them. If...

Evolution of the Concept of Citizenship in the Islamic Thought: An Analysis

The concept of citizenship is one of the pillars upon which the modern civil state was built. The concept of citizenship can be considered as the basic guarantee for both the government and individuals to clarify the relationship between them, since under this right individuals can acquire and apply their rights freely and also based on this right the state can regulate how society members perform the duties imposed on them, which will contributes to the development of the state and society. The term citizenship has been used in a wider perspective, itimplies the nationality of the State where the citizen obtains his civil, political, economic, social, cultural and religious rights and is free to exercise these rights in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the laws governing thereof and without prejudice to the interest. In return, he has an obligation to perform duties vis-à-vis the state so that the state can give him his rights that have been agreed and contracted. This paper seeks to explore firstly, the modern connotation of citizenship where it is based on the idea of rights and duties. Thus the modern ideal of citizenship is based on the relationship between the individual and the state. The Islamic civilization was spanned over fourteen centuries and there were certain laws and regulations governing the relationship between the citizens and the state, this research will try to discover the main differences between the classical concept of citizenship and the modern one, also this research will show us the results of this change in this concept. The research concludes that the new concept of citizenship is correct one and the one that can fit to our contemporary life and the past concept was appropriate for their time but the changes in the world force us to apply and to rethink again about this concept.

Toxicological Assessment of Metallic Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology is among the rapidly growing areas of science and technology with the increasing progress being made in the subjects of medicine, cosmetics engineering and electronics. Metallic nanoparticles have extensive medical, consumer and industrial applications due to their unique characteristics such as high surface-to- volume ratio, broad optical and electronic properties, ease of synthesis, facile surface chemistry and functionalization. Exposure of these particles to humans and other biological systems has aroused global concerns regarding their fate in biological systems resulting in a demand for their toxicity assessment. This thesis comprises of two parts. Part I consists of in vitro cytotoxicity, cell viability, mutagenicity and genotoxicity assessment of iron oxide, aluminium oxide and copper nanoparticles and Part II includes in vivo acute oral (LD50 ) toxicity evaluation (iron oxide, aluminium oxide and copper nanoparticles), in vivo genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assessment of iron oxide, aluminium oxide, copper, titanium oxide and silver nanoparticles. In vivo mutagenicity of titanium oxide and silver nanoparticles was also evaluated. Titanium level was determined in mice bone marrow treated with titanium oxide nanoparticles. Mice were exposed intraperitoneally to iron oxide, aluminium oxide and copper nanoparticles for 14 days to evaluate their blood biochemical parameters and histology. In vitro mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, cell viability and genotoxicity of iron oxide, aluminium oxide and copper nanoparticles were evaluated using tests i.e. Ames test, in vitro cytotoxicity assay, cell viability assay, micronucleus assay and comet assay. For mutagenicity assessment, two bacterial strains of S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 were used. The cytotoxicity to bacterial cells was assessed by using Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis in terms of colony forming unit and optical density. In vitro cell viability and genotoxicity of these nanoparticles were determined using the trypan blue assay, comet assay and micronucleus assay following exposure to monkey kidney cell line (CHS-20). In vivo genotoxic potential of iron oxide, aluminium oxide, copper, titanium oxide and silver nanoparticles was observed in mice bone marrow cells using micronucleus assay and comet assay. Furthermore percentage of reticulocytes in the bone marrow of experimental mice was also determined for the evaluation of in vivo cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles. In vivo mutagenicity of titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles was observed using Pig-a assay. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to determine the amount of titanium oxide nanoparticles that reached the bone marrow. Serum biochemical analysis was carried out using an autoanalyzer and histological changes were observed by using standard hematoxylin and eosin staining method. In vitro toxicological evaluation showed non mutagenic, non cytotoxic and non genotoxic effects of iron oxide and aluminium oxide nanoparticles. Moreover, no decrease in cell viability was observed for these nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles showed decrease in cell viability, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity in concentration dependent manner and genotoxicity at the highest tested concentrations. The iron oxide and aluminium oxide nanoparticles were found slightly toxic (oral LD50 more than 2000 mg/kg) and copper nanoparticles were found moderately toxic (oral LD50 value 325 mg/kg). In vivo toxicological assessment demonstrated that iron oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide and silver nanoparticles were not genotoxic and cytotoxic. However, copper and titanium oxide nanoparticles were found cytotoxic (decrease in percentage of reticulocytes). Only copper nanoparticles showed a significant increase in micronuclei and DNA damage at a highest tested dose. The results from inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry suggested that the titanium oxide nanoparticles reached the bone marrow, the target tissue for the genotoxicity assays. No changes in serum biochemical parameters were observed in mice treated with iron oxide and aluminium oxide nanoparticles. Serum elevated level of liver enzymes was observed in mice treated with copper nanoparticles along with mild to moderate vacuolation in hepatocytes. The finding of this thesis will advance the knowledge about the toxicological effects and safety of metallic nanoparticles in view of their tremendous applications in various fields of life.
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