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108. Al-Kawthar/The Abundance

108. Al-Kawthar/The Abundance

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

108:01
a. O The Prophet!
b. Surely WE have granted you unceasing abundance.

108:02
a. So stand in Salat/Prayers for your Rabb - The Lord with devotion and dedication, and
b. make sacrifice for HIM in gratitude.

108:03
a. Indeed, your opponent who satirizes you and detests you – he has been cut off from all that is good and posterity.

تشبہ کی حقیقت، اقسام اور احکام کا فقہاء کی آراء کی روشنی میں تحلیلی مطالعہ

Today, majority of the Muslims' lives have turned out to be colored with a similar shade of the western civilization in every sphere of life. We watch that the matter of imitation achieved its most exceedingly awful pinnacle. In this era of ecstasy, the imitation of infidels and penitence of the Sunnah is growing rapidly due to the fact that Muslims have made it their habit. A particular group considers it enlightenment and ideological freedom and feels ashamed to follow Islam and Sunnah. The main reason for this attitude is that Muslims are unaware of the disadvantages of the imitation of infidels. In this article, the nuisances and flaws of imitation have been discussed, so that the Muslims could know about its imperfections and follow the Qur’ān and Sunnah.

Weed Population Dynamics and Wheat Productivity under Different Tillage Systems in Pothwar

Agriculture of Pothwar region is mainly rainfed and the small farmers of this area do not get sustainable income from the farmland due to inconsistent and erratic rainfall. Thereore, a two-year field study was carried out at University Research Farm of Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi located at Mandra-Chakwal Road in district Rawalpindi of Pakistan, to investigate the effect of different tillage practices and sowing years on weed seed bank dynamics and above ground weed flora in rainfed wheat. This study was also aimed at to find out the most efficient tillage practice that conserves the soil moisture for longer period and is economically acceptable to the farming community of Pothwar Region. At the same time it was expected that this investigation would help us to meet the challenges of rainfed wheat of Pothwar Region. Moreover, the information collected based upon this study especially weed flora and soil weed seed bank could be utilized for planning better weed management strategies in rainfed crops in future. Different tillage combinations were included on: T1 = Conventional Tillage (1MB Plowing + 8 Cultivations), T2 = No-till + *Glyphosate, T3 = 1MB Plowing + *Glyphosate, T4 = 1MB Plowing + 4 Cultivations, T5 = Disc Harrowing + *Glyphosate, T6 = Disc Harrowing + 4 Cultivations, T7 = Chiseling + *Glyphosate. Soil samples were collected before sowing to define the soil. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The effects of treatments were recorded on weed population density, weed population frequency, weed ground coverage, weed dry biomass, weed relative density, weed relative frequency, weed relative ground coverage, weed relative dry weight, weed relative abundance, summed dominance ratio and 29 importance value index of weeds. The data on yield and yield components of wheat viz. number of fertile tillers (m-2) at maturity, spike length (cm), number of spikelet spike-1, number of kernels spike-1,1000-kernel weight, aerial biological yield (t ha-1) and grain yield (t ha-1) were collected at harvest. Soil samples were collected and analysed accordingly to record data for soil parameters like soil moisture content, soil bulk density, soil porosity, organic matter, soil available nitrogen, soil available phosphorus and soil extractable potassium to evaluate the soil properties at pre and post experimentation. Data were analyzed by using MSTAT-C software on computer and treatment means were compared with least significance difference test (LSD) at 5% level of probability. The input and output data was collected for economic evaluation (partial budget, dominance analysis and marginal rate of return analysis) to identify the most affordable tillage combination. Results illustrated that the weed seed density was found maximum (29476) in zero tillage system. The study also revealed that there were small differences of weed seed density under different tillage systems, but the minimum number of seeds was found in reduced tillage systems i. e. T1 (21419) and T4 (22513). The vertical distribution of weed seeds indicated that the highest number of weed seeds (54.99 %) was observed at upper soil layer 0-10 cm, while the least (16.33 %) in lower soil layer 21-30 cm as compared to middle layer 11-20 cm having (28.54 %) seeds. Overall the higher seed density (28032) was observed at post-harvesting of wheat as compared to pre-sowing of wheat (21828) in all the tillage systems during both years of experimentation which could be the result of poor weed control during crop growth and development period. Chenopodium album, Asphodelus tenuifolius and Fumaria indica were considered as the dominant weed 30 community followed by Euphorbia helioscopia, Convolvulus arvensis and Melilotus indica in the overall soil weed seed bank. The weed flora population density, frequency, dry weight and ground coverage were found maximum under T6, T7, T5 and T4 treatments; whereas, these parameters were minimum under T1 which reflects the system’s controlling effect on weed flora and thus resulted in the higher yield. Soil properties were improved in reduced tillage systems i. e. T4 and T6 (conservation tillage systems), but the crop germination and establishment was best under conventional tillage and T3 (according to cluster analysis). The reason of low seedling emergence under conservation tillage systems was probably due to inadequate availability of soil moisture and nutrients well in time. The highest yield (3.5132), (3.1242) t ha-1 and net benefit (888.92), (839.35) $ ha-1 were obtained in case of conventional tillage (T1) followed by reduced tillage (T4) according to partial budget analysis. So, on the base of above mentioned facts further experimentation is recommended on integrated weed management under conservation tillage systems for controlling soil weed seed bank and above ground weed flora for obtaining higher yields, but conventional tillage is still recommended for obtaining higher net benefit. The management of weed flora through integrated weed management under conservation systems may decrease the weed crop competition and improve the moisture and nutrients availability to crop that may increase the crop yield.
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