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62. Al-Jumu'ah/The Congregation

 

62. Al-Jumu'ah/The Congregation

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

62:01
a. Whatever is within the celestial realm and the terrestrial world is Glorifying Allah – The One and Only God -
b. The Sovereign, The Holy, The Almighty, The All-Wise.

62:02
a. It is HE WHO assigned among the people who had no Scripture a Messenger – Muhammad ibn Abdallah - from among themselves
- to recite HIS Messages from The Qur’an to them, and
- to purify them spiritually from dogma, myth, and polytheism, and
- to teach them of the Law, and
- the wisdom - morality and beliefs, etc.
b. Though before this, they were clearly astray from the Divine Guidance.

62:03
a. And also HE assigned Muhammad to others from them who have not joined them as yet.
b. And HE is The Almighty, The All-Wise.

62:04
a. Such is the Grace of Allah, which HE confers upon whoever HE Wants.
b. And, HIS Grace, HE has now conferred upon The Last of the Prophets, Muhammad,
c. for Allah is the Possessor of Infinite Grace.

62:05
a. The likeness of those who had been charged with enacting and complying with laws of The Torah, then did not uphold it, is as the likeliness of a donkey carrying a load of books oblivious of benefiting from them.
b. How evil is the likeness of the people who deny and belie Allah’s Messages in The Torah and now in The Qur’an!
c. And Allah does not guide the people who have chosen to be misguided and are wrongdoers.

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Development of Kabul under Mughals 1504-1738 AD

Kabul was a bridge between Indian Mughal Empire and Central Asia, the ancestral homeland of the founder of the Mughal Empire. Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, carries about 3,500 years old historical records mentioning Kabul with different names like, Kubha, Gandahara, Kabura, Ortospana, Kapul, Zavul, and Zabul etc. Many great warriors and conquerors from Central Asia used Kabul as their route to India. It was also known as a gateway to India and Central Asia. Kabul became the foundation stone for the Mughal Empire in India. During the Mughal era Kabul entered into a new phase and with the invasion of Babur the area got the position of the capital of the Mughals. The early Mughal rulers paid much attention to the affairs of Kabul, because their existence to a greater extent was dependent on their strong hold over Kabul. The research work is focused on development of Kabul under Mughal kings particularly Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.  The later Mughal kings after Aurangzeb were not able to end political disturbances in Kabul which not only displeased the people of Kabul but also encouraged the neighbouring powers to invade the valley. Historical and analytical methods are used in this research and Pashtu, Dari, Urdu and English sources have been utilized to gauge development of Kabul during that point in time. No research work has been carried out on this aspect of Kabul so far. The analysis of the development of Kabul under Mughals brings to limelight the geostrategic and politico-economic worth of Kabul as an important Caravanserai on the trade route between Central and South Asia.

Ethnic Federalism, State Reforms and Political Stability in Pakistan

This dissertation investigates and looks at the process and structure of ethnic federal arrangement in Pakistan. Pakistan contains around 210 million individuals and roughly around 50 ethnic and linguistic groups. The “ethnic-federal” experiment devolving powers to ethnic groups or provinces goes against the centralized nation building of the previous governments. The previous governments utilized an alternate model; they gave much accentuation to ''Pakistani nationalism'' as a bringing together idea and promotes centralization instead of ethnic or provincial autonomy. In any case, in 1973 and after that in 2010, the new ruling party in power, who had begun their development for provincial self-rule, has upheld ethnic-federalism by focusing on that it could engage and adjust the various ethnic groups and lessen conflict. Thus, the overall unified structure of the past regimes has been supplanted by a “federal” framework'' comprises of four ethnically provinces with local government selfadministrative districts that could practice their very own political power and legitimate identities. Accordingly, ethnicity and federalism have turned into the central point in sorting out the political and regional space in the Pakistan. Since the presentation of the eighteenth amendment in 2010, there have been wideranging claims particularly by several Pakistani scholars that federal structure would bring political stability. This short period of survival may not be sufficient to assure the continuation or sustainability of the framework; however it triggers an enthusiasm to see how it has able to endure and furthermore to take part in finding the conceivable clarifications with respect to the trend and pattern of the rebuilding procedure. In this manner, this investigation made a close analysis and examination of the procedure so as to decide if ethnic federalism in Pakistan is a fitting model to bring political stability and enable and equalize the various and unique ethnic communities with regards to united and workable Pakistani state.
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