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’’نیل کے سنگ‘‘پر ایک نظر

نیل کے سنگ ‘‘پر ایک نظر

                                                                                                                ایڈوکیٹ بشیر مراد

                                                                                                                                آزاد کشمیر

شاعری کے لیے کچھ نہیں کرنا پڑتا یہ کھڑے کھڑے ہو جاتی ہے۔ بعض اوقات تو سوئے سوئے بھی سر زد ہو جاتی ہے کہ اس کا تعلق آمد سے ہے جس کے لیے جامد ہونے کی قطعاً ضرورت نہیں۔ لیکن نثر کا معاملہ الگ ہے۔ اس کے لیے باقاعدہ اکڑوں ہو کے بیٹھنا پڑتا ہے۔ یعنی یہ وہ ریاضت ہے جو حالت رکوع میں کی جاتی ہے۔

نثری اصناف میں سفر نامہ تو اور بھی جوکھم کا کام ہے کہ اس کی طلب میں سفر بھی کرنا پڑتا ہے جو بسا اوقات انگریزی کا Suffer ثابت ہوتا ہے۔ گویا یہ ادب کی ایسی صنفِ گراں بار ہے جس کو صنفِ نازک کی طرح قابو کرنا آسان نہیں ہوتا۔ اس کے حصول کے لیے شدید مارا ماری اور بے تحاشا جتن کرنے پڑتے ہیں۔ پہلے سفر کرنے کا سلیقہ اور پھر اسے بیان کرنے کا قرینہ ہونا چاہیے۔

ہمارے دوست ڈاکٹر یوسف میر کی محبت کہ ڈاکٹر الطاف یوسف زئی کا مصری سفر نامہ ارسال کیا۔ مشاہدہ عام ہے کہ یوسف نام کے لوگ خوب صورت ہوتے ہیں۔ پھر بندہ ذات کا بھی یوسف زئی ہو اور مصر سے محبت نہ ہو یہ کیسے ممکن ہے۔ پس یہ طے ہے کہ یہ سفر نامہ سراسر فطری محبت کا شاخسانہ ہے۔ اگر یقین نہ آئے تو پڑھ کر دیکھ لیجیے۔

کچھ سفر نامے تو محض سفر کی صعوبت برادشت کرنے کی خاطر لکھے جاتے ہیں جن کے پڑھنے سے قاری کو بھی شدید تھکاوٹ ہوتی ہے۔ اس قبیل کے سفر نامے یوں شروع ہوتے ہیں۔

’’میں صبح سویرے جاگا ،...

Influence of Educational and Financial Status of Parents on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students: A Case Study in Hyderabad Division-Sindh

This research is conducted, in order to analyze the students’ academic performance at secondary school level in Pakistan. This is a case study conducted in Hyderabad Division of Sindh Province in Pakistan. The study was focused to the students who have passed matriculation class (Class-X), equivalent to secondary level in Pakistan(10 years of education). Sample size of 1097 higher Secondary level students were randomly selected from various colleges and schools in a way that around 150 students should take part in the survey from each institute. The sample selection was further divided on gender (Male = 448, Female = 648) and locale (Urban=455, Rural=641) basis. A data collection questionnaire was developed by the researchers and implemented for data collection. After collection of the data from desired population, the statistical analysis based on Pearson’s Chi-square and Correlation models were carried out in SPSS. The conclusion inferred from the data analysis of the study, strongly revealed that the students’ academic achievement at high school secondary level was highly associated to their parent’s educational level and socio-economic background. Therefore, it is strongly recommended financial condition of the population must be enhanced by taking appropriate measures. In order to coup tough financial conditions at their homes, deprived students should be provided adequate scholarships. Free stationary and books should also be provided at schools.

Devising Schemes to Develop Anti-Windup Control Strategies for Actuator Constrained Plant Dynamics

This thesis develops and demonstrates the research complemented by theory and applications carried out in ensuring stability of actuator constrained linear control systems. The work focuses the posteriori approach in the design of controller dealing with saturation effect. Anti-windup compensator is therefore explicitly synthesized for ensuring stability of constrained state delay systems and constrained cascade control systems. Having gone through a detailed study of contemporary research literature, it has been devised that constrained state delay systems and constrained cascade control systems are the areas need to be addressed significantly using anti-windup compensator technique. Therefore the first prong of research focused stability of constrained state delay systems using Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. Anti-windup compensation is incorporated in Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) based formulations in varied conditions of state delay systems. First, the research taps the stability of constrained multiple state delays system. This work broadly envisages mixed delay-dependent / delay-independent multiple state delays, delay-independent multiple state delays, delay-dependent multiple state delays, delay-independent single state delay and delay-dependent single state delay linear control systems. Second, the research devises a novel approach of dealing with saturation problem using two-controller anti-windup design for enlarging domain of stability of constrained state delay systems. This approach is yet not found in the literature surveyed. Third, the research addresses an improved asymptotic and exponential stability of constrained state delay systems by removing the inherent system steady state delay with higher delay bounds. Lastly, the research concerns stability issue in constrained uncertain state delay systems. In the second prong of research a modified full order and static low order anti-windup compensators are successfully designed for decoupled architecture based actuator constrained cascade control systems. Besides, the same compensator is designed for rate limiter incorporated actuator constrained control systems. The design parameters are based on LMIs and solved using optimization techniques. To validate the design, detailed experimental results are also generated while successfully applying on temperature and motor speed control process variables. It is said that the thesis is a heuristic compendium of inferring the core significance of anti-windup compensators in overcoming the wind-up effect in PID based process control. Keywords - Anti-Windup Compensator, Time-Delay Systems, Linear Matrix Inequalities, Domain of Stability, Pole-Constraints, Cascade Control, Norm-Bounded Uncertainty, Multi-loop Compensation, Amplitude-Rate Limiter, Motor Speed Control, Cascade-loop Compensation, Block Diagonal Quadratic Lyapunov, Lyapunov-Krasovskii Functional and System Identification.
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