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لیون ٹرائسکی

ٹرائسکی، لیون
لیون ٹراٹسکی صاحب قلم بھی تھا
دنیا لیون ٹراٹسکی (Leon Tratisky) کو صرف مزدوروں اور کسانوں میں انقلاب پیدا کرنے والے کی حیثیت سے جانتی تھی، حالانکہ انقلابی کے ساتھ وہ ایک ممتاز صاحب قلم بھی تھا، گزشتہ ۲۰؍ اگست ۱۹۴۰؁ء کو اسٹیلن (Stalin) کے اشارہ سے جیکسن (Jackson) کے ہاتھوں وہ قتل کیا گیا، اس کی موت انقلابی دنیا کے لئے تو بڑا حادثہ ہے ہی، لیکن ادبی دنیا کے لئے بھی کچھ کم دردناک سانحہ نہیں گو اس کی حیثیت ہندوستان میں بہت کم لوگوں کو معلوم ہے، سیاسی مشاغل کے ساتھ ساتھ اس کے ساتھ ہمیشہ ادبی مشاغل بھی جاری رہے، چنانچہ ۱۹۰۵؁ء کے انقلاب میں جب اسے سائبیریا جلاوطن کردیا گیا تھا، اور وہ وہاں سے فرار ہوکر وائنا پہنچا، تو یہاں برابر پروڈا (Pravada) میں مضامین لکھتا رہا، ۱۹۱۳؁ء میں جنگ بلقان کے سلسلہ میں اس نے جو خط و کتابت کی تھی، ادبی حیثیت سے اس کی خاص اہمیت ہے، کچھ دنوں تک امریکہ میں ایک اخبار کی ادارت بھی کی، غالباً یہ کسی کو معلوم نہ ہوگا کہ وہ اسٹالن کی سوانح لکھ رہا تھا، جس کا نصف حصہ انگریزی میں ترجمہ ہوچکا تھا، باقی حصہ نظرثانی کی وجہ سے اب تک پریس میں نہ جاسکا، یوں تو اس کے بہت سے چھوٹے چھوٹے ادبی کام ہیں، لیکن تاریخ انقلاب روس کی تین ضخیم مجلدات اس کا سب سے بڑا ادبی کارنامہ ہیں، اس کتاب نے دنیا کے ادیبوں اور مصنفوں میں اس کا پایہ بہت بلند کردیا ہے، اس موضوع پر اس حسن خوبی سے لکھنا اسی کا حصہ تھا، وہ مسلم الثبوت نثرنویس اور انشاء پرداز تھا، لینن کی موت پر اس نے جو تیرہ الفاظ کہے تھے، وہ روسی ادب کے موتی تصور کئے جاتے ہیں۔
(’’ا ۔ ع‘‘، نومبر ۱۹۴۰ء)

Impact of Marketing Leadership Effectiveness on Change Management in Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan

The major theme of this paper is exploration of new dimensions of marketing leadership effectiveness. These dimensions are discussed in theoretical perspective but the main contribution of this research is their empirical testing. The four intellects namely business, spiritual, emotional as well as political intelligence of marketing leaders are taken for measuring marketing leadership effectiveness and their impact on change management is analysed. The data was collected from manufacturing sector of Pakistan from the marketing leaders who are involved in the process of change management through purposive sampling technique. The sample size for current study was 200. Reliability of items is checked through Cronbach’s Alpha test. Results of correlation and regression analysis of study found positive and it is concluded that four selected intellects can act as measures of marketing leadership effectiveness which help in managing change successfully in organizations. This research has significant implications for industry experts as they can judge the ability of marketing managers while assigning them leadership role after measuring the four intellects as proposed in this research. For academia point of view, researchers who are interested to measure marketing leadership effectiveness can gain insight from present research.

Role of Adult Attachment, Conflict Resolution, Communication Competence and Social Support in Marital Satisfaction Among Couples

The present research was carried out to explore the adult attachment and its association on the marital satisfaction among couples in Pakistan. The main objective of the current study was to find out the relationship of adult attachment for marital satisfaction among couples and also to find out the relationship of husbands` attachment dimensions on the wives’ marital satisfaction and impact of wives’ attachment dimensions on the husband marital satisfaction. Present research further explored three factors i.e. conflict resolution, social support, and communication competence and their role as mediating variables between attachment and marital satisfaction. The research comprised three studies. Study I deals with translation and determination of psychometric properties of Experiences in Close Relationships- Revised questionnaire (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000); Enrich Couple Scales (Olson, 1996); and Social Provision Scale (Cutrona & Russell, 1987). Part I of study- I deals with ttranslation, adaptation, and cross language validation of the instrument. Part II deals with pretesting Instruments on a small sample and also determines the construct validity like Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Initially the researcher translated the scale into Urdu language and then carries out pre-testing on a small sample of 48 married individuals. The results of pretesting indicated that all the three instruments were showing satisfactory reliabilities indices. Afterwards the translated instruments were ready for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on a sample of 300 married individuals. As results of CFA reduced final instruments were administered to a sample of 96 married couples (192 individuals) to verify the psychometric properties and testing the preliminary hypothesis in pilot study. Correlation coefficients were computed as indices to verify the magnitude and direction among various variables. Finally main study was conducted with N=350 (175 couples) on diverse groups on the basis of age, education, income, family system, length of relationship and number of children. There are three mediating variables, such as, conflict resolution, social support, and communication competence which are hypothesized to mediate the relationship between adult attachment and marital satisfaction. Consistent with hypothesis the research shows that three separate models were drawn to check the path analysis in AMOS software and these models are based upon Actor Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) and it is found that conflict resolution is contributing as a mediating variable between attachment and marital satisfaction. For example anxious female is affecting her own conflict resolution as compared to avoidant female who aeffects the partners` marital satisfaction. Communication competence of both partners is fully mediating the relationship between avoidance and marital satisfaction. Similarly, social support is fully mediating the relationship between both partners` avoidance and their marital satisfaction. Finally, it was concluded that couples with anxious and avoidant attachment reported less marital satisfaction and there is a significant role of conflict resolution, communication competence and social support in strengthening the marital satisfaction. In the end, the findings are discussed in light of Pakistani cultural context and its implications in the Pakistani society.
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