Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

احمد زکی

احمد زکی
انیسویں صدی کے اواخر اور بیسویں صدی کے اوائل کا دور ایک عالمگیر بیداری تجدید اور ذہنی علمی تہذیب و تثقیف کا دور ہے، تقریباً ہر زندہ قوم و زبان پر بدلے ہوئے حالات کا اثر پڑا اور کچھ ایسی شخصیتیں سامنے آگئیں جو نئے رجحانات اور جدید تقاضوں سے باخبر بھی تھیں اور ان کی اہمیت و ضرورت کی معترف بھی، عالم عرب جو عرصہ سے سیاسی خلفشار اور معاشرتی اضطراب و بے چینی سے دوچار تھا، دوسروں کی بہ نسبت ان حالات سے جلد متاثر ہوا، عربی ادب جو زمانہ سے جمود و تعطل کا شکار تھا، اس دور میں اس نے کئی ایسے نامور ادیبوں کو جنم دیا جنھوں نے نہ صرف یہ کہ عربی ادب کو نئی روح، اس کے قالب کو نئی جان اور اس کے چہرے کو نئی رونق بخشی، بلکہ ان کی بالغ نظری، جدت طرازی اور دوربینی نے دوسروں کی توجہ بھی اپنی جانب مبذول کرلی اور ان کے خیالات کی بازگشت دور دور سنائی دینے لگی، شیخ محمد عبدہ، علامہ رشید رضا، امیر شکیب ارسلان، مصطفی لطفی منفلوطی، مصطفی صادق الرافعی معروف الرضافی خلیل مظران، کرد علی، عباس محمود عقاد، احمد امین، حسن زیات جیسے نامور مفکروں اور ادیبوں سے یہ عہدِ جدید مالا مال ہوگیا، ان میں سے ہر شخص زبان اور فکر و نظر، ادب و انداز اور گہرائی و گیرائی کے لحاظ سے منفرد و ممتاز حیثیت کا حامل ہے۔ انہی ناموروں کی صف میں احمد زکی کا بھی شمار ہوتا ہے، جن کا ابھی گزشتہ سال انتقال ہوا ہے، اور جنھوں نے اپنے سائنس آمیز مقالات و تصانیف کی وجہ سے عربی ادب میں ایسا مرتبہ حاصل کرلیا ہے جو محترم بھی ہے اور باوقار بھی۔
اصلاً وہ سائنس کے عالم تھے، ان کی تعلیم کا بیشتر حصہ سائنسی علوم کی تحصیل...

Performance of Mansabdari System under the Successors of Emperor Jalal-Ud-Din Muhammad Akbar

The aim of this paper is to analyze the performance of mansabdari system under the successors of Emperor Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar. The paper is focused on the mansabdari system which was developed and strengthened during the reign of Akbar. It can be argued that the mansabdari was an integrated system of efficient and loyal servants on the disposal of Akbar for the large expansion of his empire. The successors of Akbar tried to capture the spirit of Akbar’s age and reign in all respects but without much success. The system remained intact with central authority during Akbar’s days. The paper indicates that after the death of Akbar, the mansabdars started defying the authority of governors as well as the successors of Akbar. In this research attempt the performance of mansabdari system under the successors of Akbar i.e. Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb will be analyzed.

Effects of Contextualization and Concept Mapping on Expository Writing Skills at Intermediate Level

This study aimed at investigating the effects of Contextualization and Concept Mapping on Expository Writing skill at Intermediate Level. The study was delimited to Intermediate students of Government Girls Higher Secondary School, City D. G. Khan. Many strategies are used to improve expository writing skills of the students. Contextualization and Concept Mapping are one of them. Contextualization relates new knowledge with students own previous experience. Contextualization helps the learner in understanding target language. Concept Mapping is systematic graphic structure which helps the students in organization of knowledge. It is like preparing an outline for writing. The positive results of previous studies led the researcher to study the effects of Contextualization and Concept Mapping in her own context and situation. The study is significantly important as the findings can be extended to the similar situations by the teachers, learners, educationists, course designers and curriculum developers. The main part of the study was experimental in design where pretest-posttest control group design was applied to show the relationship between dependent and independent variables. One control and two experimental groups were ix randomly selected to conduct the experiment. The attitude towards contextualization and concept mapping was measured through opinionnaire from students. The sample for experiment was taken from Government Girls Higher Secondary School, City D. G. Khan. Total 60 students were taken out of 100 enrolled students to make an average ability group sample and then were divided randomly into three groups, twenty students comprising each. Two groups were experimental and one was control. The opinions of the students were taken to validate the results of experiment conducted. All the tools were developed personally and all the data was also collected in person. Study commenced with the test of proficiency level of students in the subject of English that was measured through Preliminary English Test and then students were randomly divided into three groups. The control group received instruction through traditional lecture method whereas intervention course of contextualization and concept mapping was applied on experimental groups. Data was collected through pretest-posttest, intervention course and opinionnaire and analyzed through applying SPSS 20 tool. T-test, descriptive statistics and post hoc test were employed to extract results. The responses of students were measured through descriptive statistics and percentages. The findings of the study include: contextualization and concept mapping strategies were more effective to improve expository writing skill of the students than traditional method. The findings signify that improvement in students’ writing is because of the treatment through contextualization and concept mapping. The opinions of students also confirmed that they considered contextualization and concept mapping as effective strategies for teaching expository writing. x The study led to the recommendations regarding implementation of Contextualization and concept mapping in different contexts and disciplines to diverse group of students at different grade levels. These strategies can be included in all level of training courses for teachers as well as for researchers. The researchers may expand their researchers with contextualization and concept mapping with different delimitations.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.