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دساں کی حساب، حساب دے وچ

دساں کی حساب، حساب دے وچ
دکھ لکھیا پیا کتاب دے وچ
اوسے نور دا مڈھ ظہور ہویا
جیہڑا چمکدا اے آفتاب دے وچ
برہوں ہجردے وچ میں گئی بھنی
سیخاں ہوندیاں جیویں کباب دے وچ
ہووے غلطی جے کوئی معاف کرنا
خط لکھیا گیا شتاب دے وچ
اکھیں تکدیاں تکدیاں رہ گئیاں
نشہ کیہڑا سی اوس شراب دے وچ
جنگاں واسطے پانی دے ہونئیاں نے
پانی سُکدا پیا چناب دے وچ
کسے کامل ولی دی کر محفل
کی لبھنا ایں خانہ خراب دے وچ
کیہڑے حیف حنیف دے وچ رُجّھوں
ایہو کجھ ہئی عشق دے باب دے وچ

Voices Unheard: Analyzing Marginalization and Resistance in Rabbani's 'Invisible People' through a Spivakian Lens

This scholarly research offers a comprehensive analysis of Rabbani's seminal work, 'Invisible People,' through the theoretical lens of Gayatri Chakraborty Spivak's postcolonial feminist perspective. The study investigates the experiences and challenges faced by marginalized populations in contemporary society, aiming to elucidate effective strategies for resistance against marginalization. Key focal points include Spivak's subaltern concept and the imperative of amplifying marginalized voices. The analysis critically examines Rabbani's portrayal of 'invisible people' (2017) as individuals bereft of agency and influence due to their marginalized status, exploring multiple forms of exclusion encompassing economic, social, and political dimensions. Moreover, the research delves into Rabbani's nuanced treatment of identity construction and the intricate intersections of marginalization. Applying Spivak's theory of strategic essentialism, the study scrutinizes how these individuals navigate their identities and mobilize collective resistance. Additionally, the research evaluates notions of agency and empowerment within Rabbani's narrative, investigating methodologies employed by marginalized groups to challenge entrenched power dynamics. Through Spivak's concept of "subaltern counter publics," the study examines the significance of grassroots movements, community organizing, and the establishment of alternative platforms for collective action. Ethical considerations within Spivak and Rabbani's frameworks are also addressed, highlighting the complexities and ethical responsibilities associated with representing marginalized populations. This research underscores the importance of reflexive researcher positionality when engaging with these narratives. Overall, this study provides a nuanced and insightful analysis of Rabbani's 'Invisible People' from a Spivakian perspective, contributing to the ongoing discourse on resistance, marginality, and social justice within this theoretical framework.

Foot Dimensions As a Tool for Gender Determination in Kenyan Adults

Introduction: Anthropometry has gained popularity over the years as a reliable method to determine gender. In forensic investigation, there are cases where gender cannot be readily determined using anatomy such as in mass casualty disasters with dismemberment and commingling of limbs. Kenyan descriptive data of foot dimensions is lacking as are formulae for estimating gender. Proven differences in foot dimensions across races prevent application of formula obtained using different populations necessitating generation of local data and formulae. Objectives: To describe the foot lengths, breaths and navicular heights of a representative adult Kenyan population, both male and female, and derive from these a formula to estimate gender. Material and Methods: Foot lengths, breadths and navicular heights were taken using callipers from a representative adult Kenyan population. These measurements were then subsequently used to derive a formula for determining gender by use of discriminant function analysis. Results: Mean foot lengths were 271.60 mm and 272.32 mm for men and 235.16 mm and 234.75 mm for women, right and left respectively. Mean foot breadths were 103.77 mm and 102.72 mm for men and for 88.67 mm and 88.69 mm women, right and left respectively. Foot navicular heights were 71.06 mm and 70.80 mm for men and 61.54 mm and 62.55 mm for women, right and left respectively. T-tests were used to compare these means across gender, all differences were statistically significant, p≤0.00001. A formula to estimate gender via discriminant function analysis was obtained. The formula correctly determined gender in 100% of the cases within this study. Conclusion: Formulae developed from foot dimensions can be used to predict gender in forensic investigations.
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