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عبد الحمید عرفانی

عبدالحمیدعرفانی (۱۹۰۷ء۔۱۹۹۰ء) سیالکوٹ کے ایک گاؤں مغلاں والی میں پیدا ہوئے۔عرفانی نے چکوال ہائی سکول سے میٹرک کیا۔ سکول کے زمانے میں انھیں ایسے دوست ملے جو بعد میں پاکستان کی ممتاز شخصیات میں شمار ہوئے۔ ان میں ڈاکٹر غلام سرور،کرنل محمد خان،قاضی گل محمد،خواجہ عبدالعزیز اور نیاز محمد خان قابل ذکر ہیں۔ ۱۹۵۶ء میں انھوں نے پنجاب یونیورسٹی سے فارسی میں ڈاکٹریٹ کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ فارسی زبان میں لکھا گیا ان کا مقالہ’’شرح احوال و آثار ملک الشعرا بہار‘‘ پنجاب یونیورسٹی کی تاریخ میں پہلا مقالہ تھا۔(۵۰۸) عرفانی ۱۹۴۵ء میں بھارت کے شہر دہلی میں محکمہ تعلیم کی طرف سے ایرانیوں کوا نگریزی پڑھانے پر مامور ہوئے۔ ۱۹۴۹ء میں وہ ایران میں پاکستان کی طرف سے پہلے کلچرل اینڈ پریس اتاشی مقرر ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۴ء میں حکومتِ پاکستان کے فارن پبلسٹی کے شعبہ میں ڈائریکٹر مقرر ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۸ء میں وہ آر سی ڈی کے نمائندے کی حیثیت سے ایران میں مقیم ہوئے۔ (۵۰۹) ۱۹۵۵ء میں حکومتِ ایران کی طرف سے ’’نشان سپاس‘‘،اور’’نشانِ ورزش‘‘ عطاہوئے۔۱۹۶۲ ء میں ایران نے ان کی شاعرانہ عظمت کے اعتراف میں ’’نشان رستا خیز ملی ‘‘سے نوازا ۔۱۹۶۶ء میں حکومت پاکستان نے انھیں ’’ستارہ امیتاز ‘‘ عطا کیا۔(۵۱۰)

خواجہ عبدالحمید عرفانی چار اردو ،بارہ فارسی اور ایک انگریزی کتاب کے مصنف ہیں۔ خواجہ عرفانی کے ’’کلیاتِ عرفانی‘‘ میں اردو فارسی شاعری کو یکجا کر دیا گیا ہے۔ حصہ اردو میں غزلیات ،مانولاگ کے تراجم اور قومی نظمیں شامل ہیں۔ عرفانی نے چھٹی ساتویں جماعت میں ہی اردو اور فارسی میں شعر کہنے شروع کر دئیے۔ ڈاکٹر غلام جیلانی برق شاعری میں ان کی اصلاح کرتے تھے۔ وہ انھیں سکول کا سب سے اچھا شاعر سمجھتے تھے۔(۵۱۱) سکول کے زمانے میں عرفانی مولانا حالی اور مرزا غالب سے بہت متاثر تھے۔ عرفانی کی قومی موضوعات پر لکھی گئی نظموں میں حالی کا رنگ نظر آتا ہے۔ قومی نظموں کو کلیاتِ...

Discrimination against Religious Minorities in Nigeria: An Analysis with Reference to Human Development in the 21st Century

  This study examines religious discrimination against religious minorities like Muslims living in Christian populated areas in the south east, Christians are as well living in Muslim dominated areas. Minority Traditional worshippers in either Muslim or Christian majority areas, private institution, companies owned by Christians or Muslims etc. The discrimination against religious minorities has mitigated the peaceful co-existence among religious identities and other major life events which has culminated national development in all spheres of human engagement such as economic, social, political, security, etc. The researchers have tried to provide an analytical study of the empirical data as well as of the existing literature. The result of our findings shows that many religious identities have been denied of securing job opportunities, professing religion of their choice, finding it difficult to receive health care services, managing religious institutions, denied of equal rights of citizens, get political appointments, among others. The study recommends that people of different religions should embrace and tolerate one another, avoid the use of fanaticism, allow religious minorities to practice religion of their choice in order to dislodge prejudices from the society.

Personality and Psychological Contracts: Mediating Roles of Epistemic Curiosity and Rule-Following Behavior With Moderating Role of Uncertainity Avoidance

This study evaluates what and how personality traits (Big Five) of employees form their psychological contracts with respective employers. Therefore, apart from testing the direct relations between personality traits of employees and their psychological contracts towards employers, the present study investigates the ex planatory mechanisms (epistemic curiosity & rule-following behavior) between the Big Five personality traits and dimensions of psychological contracts, which in cludes transactional, relational, balanced and ideological contracts. In addition, the moderating role of individual level uncertainty avoidance is also examined in the relations between personality traits and explanatory mechanisms i.e. epistemic curiosity and rule-following behavior. Trait activation theory provides overarch ing theoretical framework for this study and norms of reciprocity offer additional support. Time-lagged data in three time-lags were collected from 469 respondents employed in various public and private sector organizations across Pakistan. Results indicate that Openness to Experience positively relates to transactional, balanced and ideological contracts and negative relates to relational contracts. Conscientiousness positively relates to transactional contracts and negatively re lates with relational, balanced and ideological contracts. The other personality dimension Extraversion positively relates to relational contracts and ideological contracts whereas it negatively relates to transactional contracts. Similarly, Agree ableness is found positively related with relational contracts and negatively with transactional and ideological contracts. Finally, Neuroticism negatively relates with all types of psychological contracts. Regarding explanatory paths, epistemic curiosity and rule-following behavior ex plain the relations between specific personality traits and psychological contracts as epistemic curiosity explains the relations between Openness to Experience, Con scientiousness and Extraversion and psychological contract types. While in case of rule-following behavior, majority of the hypotheses stand accepted, except for balanced contracts. In case of moderation, the results show that uncertainty avoid ance weakens relationship between Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness and x Extraversion and epistemic curiosity. The results regarding moderating role of uncertainty avoidance in the relations between Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism and rule-following behavior could only be partially claimed due to the fact that uncertainty avoidance was not found affecting the relation between Con scientiousness and rule-following behavior. Overall directions of buffering effects were somehow mixed as compared to expectations. These results have theoretical as well as practical significance. The study makes theoretical contribution in psychological contracts body of knowledge by adding two new explanatory mechanisms to elucidate the reasons why people with certain personality traits form different types of psychological contracts and what affect individual level uncertainty avoidance has on these relations. The practitioners can also benefit from these finding as they can ensure better expectations management and personality-job fit.
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