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حوالہ جات

حوالہ جات

خلیل صدیقی، زبان کیا ہے۔ عاکف بک ڈپو ،دہلی،1994ء،ص 25

        محمد حسین ،آزاد۔سخن دانِ فارس،اتر پردیش اردو اکادمی ،لکھنئو،1979ءص 11

        Jan Bemes, the unfolding of Language “Oxford univ. press 2001. مترجم اصغر بشیر،سٹی بک پوائنٹ، لاہور ص 40

        فوزیہ اسلم، ڈاکٹر، بازیافت (رسالہ) جنوری تا جون ۲۰۱۷، شعبہ اردو اورنٹیل کالج، پنجاب یونی ورسٹی، لاہور

        محی الدین قادری، زور، سید، ہندوستانی لسانیات، ص ۱۴

        محمد حسین، ڈاکٹر ،اردو ریسرچ جنرل، جولائی، ستمبر ۲۰۱۷ء

        حامد اللہ ندوی، ڈاکٹر، اردو زبان کا تاریخی خاکہ، مشمولہ اردو تاریخ ومسائل (مرتب) سید روح الامین، گجرات عزت اکادمی (۲۰۰۷ء)، ص ۳۵

        گیان چند جین، عام لسانیات، بک ٹال، لاہور، ۲۰۱۸ء، ص ۱۷

        ڈیوڈ کرسٹل، لسانیات کیا ہے؟ مترجم نصیر احمد خان، قومی نسل برائے فروغِ اردو،نئی دہلی، ۱۹۸۸ء، ص ۵۹

        F.C. Backet. A Coursein modern Linguistics 1958 میکلمن کمپنی، نیو یارک، ص ۰۲

          ابوالاعجاز حفیظ صدیقی، کشاف تنقیدی اصطلاحات، اسلام آباد، مقتدرہ قومی زبان، ۱۹۸۵ء ، ص ۱۵۶

        اشرف کمال، ڈاکٹر، لسانیات، زبان اور رسم الخط، مثالی پبلی شرز، فیصل آباد، ۲۰۰۹ء، ص۵

        شوکت سبزواری، ڈاکٹر، لسانی مسائل، مکتبۂ اسلوب، کراچی، ۱۹۶۲ء، ص ۸

        طارق رحمٰن، ڈاکٹر:...

Assessment of Interfaith Harmony Between Muslims and Hindus in Socio-Cultural Activities in Swat

This research work investigated the interfaith harmony and social cohesion between two different religious followers of Hinduism and Islam in District Swat of Pakistan. The current world is facing various kinds of issues and challenges regarding interfaith harmony, peace and social cohesion. This is need of the time to establish a peaceful and harmonised day to day life standard for all the segments of society. This research was an effort to analyse the willingness among the Hindus and Muslims for enhancing their tolerance towards each other’s social and cultural activities. It also aimed to highlight the positive approach of the respondents towards the participation in the socio-cultural activities of each other. The results of association of social cohesion showed nonsignificant relationship with an opinion that Hindu and Muslim communities should take part in socio-cultural activities particularly the sports. Similarly, non-significant relationship was found based respondents’ data with an opinion that relations between Hindus and Muslims shall enhanced through participation in cultural and religious ceremonies. The result further concluded that there was peaceful and harmonised environment between Hindus and Muslims being living in the target area. The minorities were fully enjoying freedom and equality in District Swat. Based on the findings of the study, positive social interaction, mutual respect, positivity in thinking and positive role of local media have been recommended as policy guidelines for promoting inter-faith harmony.

State Estimaton Technique for Impedance Matching in Distribution Feeder Reconfiguration

State estimation has been adopted by the power system researchers in the late 1960’s. Later on, state estimation was applied to the transmission system. Recently state estimation has become cornerstone among the modern control centers tools for the automation of distribution system. In this research work, state estimation has been implemented for automatic feeder reconfiguration. Automatic feeder reconfiguration can be accomplished by matching the impedances of two different feeders. Once the impedances are matched, static transfer switch perform the feeder reconfiguration effectively and efficiently. The liability of power distribution companies is to provide reliable and good quality power to the customers. Due to the technological advancement and the large scale production, usage of the sensitive equipment has been increased. The sensitive equipment requires quality power through reliable power delivery system. Power delivery system includes feeders and laterals to transfer power from the substation to the consumer end. As the feeders and the laterals are radially operated, therefore the chances of power interruption always exist. Power interruption may occur either due to faults or due to the maintenance or replacement of any components of the distribution system e.g. a distribution transformer. Voltage sag is another cause of interruption of sensitive equipment. To overcome this problem, sensitive equipment should be fed through two independent feeders. If the preferred feeder fails, the sensitive load should be transferred to the alternate feeder. A fast and efficient transfer switch can complete this transfer. Static transfer switch (STS) system has been developed to transfer the load from the preferred feeder to the alternate feeder when voltage sag or fault occurs on the preferred feeder. The most important parameter of the STS-system is the speed of operation or the transfer time so that the load should not be interrupted. To reduce the transfer time and hence to expedite the transfer process, it is necessary that both feeders have the same voltage angle at the point-of-installation (PoI) of the STS. If the impedances of both the feeders are identical then voltage phase difference will be zero. To match the impedance, state estimator has been designed to estimate the voltage angle of both the feeders. To mitigate the voltage phase difference, shunt capacitor has been installed and consequently the transfer time of the STS has been reduced. However, the control logic strategy of the STS-system also affect the transfer time. Two different control logic techniques namely delay logic and forced commutation technique, have been developed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC software. If the delay logic technique is utilized then the voltage phase angle of both feeders must be identical. The developed state estimation technique can be implemented to match the impedances and hence the voltage angle to reduce the STS transfer time. However, forced commutation technique can accommodate the phase difference by commutating the outgoing thyristor forcefully. But forced commutation technique require more components e.g. capacitor, inductor, auxiliary thyristors etc. Both techniques are implemented to solve the problems related to the feeder overloading. The problem of overloading has been solved through feeder reconfiguration. STS-system installed at critical location, transfer the sensitive load to the lightly loaded alternate feeder. This phenomenon can be termed as feeder reconfiguration using load-balancing. The development of the STS-system has solved the problem of load interruption. The reliability of the power distribution system has been improved and the sensitive load now operates without power interruption.
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