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بے ایمانی دی سزا

پرانے وقتاں دی گل اے کہ اک پہاڑ دے دامن وچ اک شخص رہندا سی۔ اوس کول بہت ساریاں مجھاں گاواں سن۔ مجھاں گاواں سارا دن ادھر اُدھر چر دیاں۔ شام نوں تھوڑی دیر پہلاں اوہ ددھ چوندا۔ اوس وچ بہت سارا پانی ملاندا تے کول دے شہر وچ جا کے ویچ آندا۔ اوہ ہر اک گاہک نوں آکھدا کہ ددھ خالص اے۔ ددھ ویچ کے ضروریاتِ زندگی دیاں چیزاں خرید دا تے گھر واپس آ جاندا۔

گاہک اوس نوں اکثر شکایت کردے کہ ددھ بہت پتلا اے۔ ایس وچ پانی نہ ملایا کر۔ کسے وی شکایت دا اوس اتے کوئی اثر نہ ہوندا۔ سگوں آکھدا کہ ددھ وچ پانی ہونا قدرتی امر اے۔ میں پانی نہیں ملاندا نالے ددھ کیہڑا سکا ہوندا اے۔ ایس طرح ددھ ویچدے اوس نوں بہت عرصہ گزر گیا۔ ہن اوہدے کول بہت زیادہ دولت وی آ گئی سی۔ اوہ کسے نوں کجھ وی نئیں سی سمجھدا۔ دن بدن لالچ ودھدا گیا تے اوہ ددھ وچ پانی دی مقدار وچ وادھا کرداگیا۔

اک دن اچانک اسمان اتے کالی بدلی اُٹھی تے اوس پورے اسمان نوں اپنے کلاوے وچ لے لیا۔ ہر طرف ہنیرا ای ہنیرا ہو گیا۔ اوہ بہت خوش ہویا کہ مینہ پوے گا۔ جس پاروں گھاہ زیادہ ہووے گا۔ گاواں مجھاں کھا کے زیادہ ددھ دیون گئیاں۔ بس فیر میرے وارے نیارے ہو جاون گے۔ اچانک بدل گرجیا۔ بجلی چمکی پہلاں ہولی تے فیر تیز بارش شروع ہو گئی۔ ایس دے نال اولے پین لگ پئے۔ ہر پاسے پانی ای پانی ہو گیا۔ پہاڑاں توں پانی سیلاب دی صورت وچ ایس شدت نال اوہدے پنڈ ول ودھیا کہ اوہدیاں گاواں مجھاں، گھر تے گھر دا سارا سامان اپنے نال بہہ کے لے گیا۔ ہن اوہدے کول نہ تے گاواں مجھاں سن تے نہ ای گھرتے نہ نقدی، اوہ...

حديث أُمرت أن أقاتل الناس حتى يشهدوا: دراسة في حرية الاعتقاد والفعل

One of the greatest epistemological accomplishments that Muslims have achieved is the establishment of an accurate system of deriving rulings from Sharia texts, which is known as ‘principles of jurisprudence’ or Usūl ul Fiq. Among the significant contents of these subject is dealing with the text which apparently contradicts to other basic principles of Islam or objectives of Sharī’ah. The job of a jurist becomes more significant and difficult in devising the judgments and interpreting the texts as reported by the fundamentalists: inquiring the validity of the texts, finding its weakness with respect to strong argument, and comparing them in terms of authenticity. Other times, he tries to reconcile between the contradictions by keeping in view a meaning consistent with Sharī’ah. The application of these principles gave birth to the variety and diversity of opinions on account of Ijtihād. Keeping in view the above preamble, the author addressed one of the famous Ahadith of Holy Prophet PBUH: “I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify.”. This saying of Holy Prophet PBUH attracted Muslim thinkers in past and present to address its meanings and application. Likewise some related debate has emerged in the modern period as regards whether the term "people" in the hadith is used generically or specifically - forcing these people to Islam after defeating? The author in this context, addressed the terminology of hadith, its apparent contradiction with the principles of Sharī’ah, legal maxims, provisions, diverse interpretations, and added his own opinion. Descriptive and qualitative research approach was employed for the collection, demonstration and analysis of data.

A Statistical Study of the Risk Factors for Urinary Bladder Cancer in Pakistan

This study investigated the effect of different risk factors in the occurrence of urinary bladder cancer in Pakistan on the basis of a case control study using both descriptive and analytical approaches. A sample of 900 subjects including 300 cases and 600 controls was selected from different areas of Pakistan including headquarter of all four provinces and federal area (Islamabad) through a questionnaire. The requisite information was obtained from all the patients/ controls by the researcher using the direct interview method. From the headquarters of Khyber PukhtoonKhwa, Sindh, Baluchistan and federal area (Islamabad), 150 subjects (including cases and controls) were taken from wards of two selected public hospitals but from the headquarter of the Punjab (Lahore), 300 subjects (including cases and controls) were taken from the wards of four selected public hospitals. Controls are taken by matching the gender, area of residence and age above 40 years. About 22 factors with sub categories were included in the study. For bivariate analysis, the chi-square, phi/v statistics and Kandall’s tau-b are used. For the purpose of multivariate analysis, the binary logistic regression was run by using the SPSS (version-16) to observe the significant risk factors and prediction of the model. In the descriptive analysis, it was observed that risk of bladder cancer increases with an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked per day, years of smoking and risk decreases when the stop smoking period increases. Further more, similar results were observed in the bivariate analysis. In the overall analysis, the six factors including hair dye, chemical exposure, family history, cigarette smoking, fried items and fats items are found to be positively significant with the odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of odds ratios (2.96; 1.396-6.279), (2.59; 1.460-4.607), (3.13; 1.325-7.394), (10.6; 7.007-15.941), (2.11; 1.364-3.269) and (2.08; 1.309-3.305), respectively. While the three factors including lifestyle, fluid consumption and use of fruits are found to be negatively significant with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratios (0.102; 0.056-0.187), (0.268; 0.183-0.392) and (0.292; 0.193-0.440), respectively indicating that these three factors are protective factors against urinary bladder cancer. In area wise study, eight factors age, social status, lifestyle, family history, cigarette smoking, tea, fluid consumptions and fruits in Punjab, three factors cigarette smoking, source of drinking water and fried items in Islamabad, six factors chemical exposure, lifestyle, cigarette smoking, fluid consumption, fried items and fruit in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa, three factors cigarette smoking, fluid consumption and fruits in Baluchistan and two factors cigarette smoking and fluid consumption in Sindh are found to be significant. In eight factors of Punjab, age, family history, cigarette smoking and tea are found to be positively significant while the other four factors social status, lifestyle, fluid consumptions and fruits are negatively associated with the bladder cancer. In three factors of Islamabad, two factors cigarette smoking and fried items are observed to be positively significant while the source of drinking water (government provided water) is observed to be protective as compared to the tap water. In six factors of Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa, chemical exposure, cigarette smoking and fried items are directly associated with the risk of bladder cancer while the other three factors lifestyle, fluid consumption and fruit are the protective factors for the disease. In three factors of Baluchistan, cigarette smoking is found to be positively significant while the fluid consumption and fruits are inversely associated with risk of bladder cancer. In two factors of Sindh, cigarette smoking is directly associated with disease while the other fluid consumption is found to be negatively significant. Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor and found to be significant in each area of Pakistan. Fluid consumption is also major protective factor and found to be significant in all areas except Islamabad. In studying the occupational risk factors, four categories of the occupations including cooks, drivers, metal workers and textile workers are found to be significant with the odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals (14.132; 4.068 - 49.088), (7.949; 3.321- 19.025), (7.571; 3.147 - 18.214) and (2.168; 1.136 - 4.138), respectively. While the farmers, painters and leather workers are observed to be insignificant in Pakistan. According to this study, the cooks are at higher risk of bladder cancer as compared to all other occupations. Key Terms: Bladder cancer, Risk Factors, Logistic Regression, Odds ratio, Controls, Significance, Retrospective
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