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7 ۔حدِارتداد

ردد کامعنی ہے کسی شےکالوٹنا ، مسلمان کا کفر کی طرف لوٹ جانا۔ اس حوالے سے ابن فارس لکھتے ہیں
الراء والدال أصلٌ واحدٌ مطّردٌ منقاس، وهو رَجْع الشَّيء. تقول: ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً. وسمِّي المرتدُّ لأنّه ردّ نفسَه إلى كُفْره.143
"مادہ " رَدَدَ " ہے اور اس معنی ہے کسی شے کا لوٹنا جیسے تو کہے ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً میں نے فلان چیز کو لوٹا دیا اور مرتد کو مرتد اس لیے کہتے ہیں کہ وہ اپنے آپ کو کفر کی طرف لوٹا دیتا ہے ۔ "
اسلام سے پھر جانے کوارتداد کہتے ہیں، جیسا کہ ابن منظور کے نزدیک ارتداد
"وفي التنزيل من يرتدد منكم عن دينه والاسم الرِّدّة ومنه الردَّة عن الإِسلام أَي الرجوع عنه وارتدَّ فلان عن دينه إِذا كفر بعد إِسلامه۔"144
"اور قرآن مجید میں ہےمن يرتدد منكم عن دينه۔ ۔ ۔ الیٰ آ خرہ ۔ اور اسی سے ہے الردۃ عن الاسلام یعنی اسلام سے پھر جانا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے فلاں شخص مرتد ہو گیا جب کہ وہ اسلام سے کفر کی طرف پھر جائے ۔ "
ارتداد کے معنی اسلام قبول کر لینے کے بعد اسلام کو چھوڑ دینے اور اس کے خلاف بغاوت کرنے کے ہیں، جیسے امام راغب اصفہانی نے ارتداد سے متعلق تحریر کیا ہے
"والردۃ الرجوع فی الطریق الزی جاء منہ لکن الردۃتختص بالکفر والارتداد یستعمل فیہ وفی غیرہ۔" 145
"اس راستے پر پلٹنے کو کہتے ہیں جس سے کوئی آیا ہو لیکن ردۃ کا لفظ کفر کی طرف ہی لوٹنا خاص ہے اور ارتداد عام ہے جو حالت کفر اور غیر دونوں کی طرف لوٹنے پر بولا جاتا ہے۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم :علاؤالدین کاسانی ؒ شرعی اصطلاح میں ارتداد کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں
"فَالرُّجُوعُ عن الْإِيمَانِ يُسَمَّى رِدَّةً في عُرْفِ الشَّرْعِ۔ "146
"پس ایمان سے پلٹ جانے کو...

مسائل میراث حل کرنے کے قدیم اور جدید حسابی طریقوں کا تقابلی جائزہ

Inheritance is a key issue in the Islamic Knowledge base. Its importance has been clarified in Qur’an and Sunnah. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) has referred to it as half of the knowledge and has ordered of seeking inheritance and warned that this will be eliminated first from my Ummah, and also notified that this is volatile nature of knowledge which get lost after memorization if not fully cared and practiced. In the light of above mentioned Hadīths it is worth consideration to make knowledge of Inheritance practicable in everyday life. A reason could be that the arithmetic means used for the solution of Inheritance problems is complicated and time consuming. There it is important to introduce such easy and short arithmetic rules for the solution of Inheritance problem that are easily understandable by both the scholars as well as the common man. This will result in making Inheritance easy to handle and hence will become practicable. In a hadith it is stated that near the day of judgement there will be a conflict between two persons in an Inheritance issue and they will not find a scholar to resolve their problem. In this Article an Introduction and comparison of old and new easy arithmetic principles are made in scholarly manner to introduce new easy methods and draw the attention of the people to such a valuable knowledge and relieve the Phobia of the people regarding it.

پاکستانی اردوافسانےکی تنقید کا ارتقا

In the early decades of 20th century, Urdu Literature was awarded by a contemporary genre called Afsana which is a notorious and noted genre of Urdu Literature and the literary criticism upon Urdu Afsana is existed for as long as Urdu Afsana itself. Through this study '' The Evolution of Literary Criticism Upon Pakistani Urdu Afsana: Analytical Study '' analyzes and evaluates the salient features of literary critical writings upon Pakistani Urdu Afsana, which is expanded all most of the century. The criticism upon Urdu Afsana started its work not so efficiently. In the early decades of twentieth century, there were some critical essays and prefaces and nothing to flip through the pages. The progressive movement in Urdu Afsana showed commitment to the Marxist Philosophy in their writings, before the creation of Pakistan brought some novelty in the subjects, techniques and subject material equally to its literary criticism. Most of the contemporary writers dealt with the the theme of'' Realism " in 1947 to 1960.Therefore the criticism upon Urdu Afsana before partition of the subcontinent should be under consideration due to its acute importance. Before 1947, criticism upon Urdu Afsana consist of Narrative and Basic discussion or controversies. After that, Modern literary criticism upon Pakistani Urdu Afsana is basically formed on the basis of literary theory of symbolism, impressionism and surialism which were the newly added spices in the literary Urdu criticism written around the decades of sixties and seventies. The criticism written in that age was more mature and appealing to the critical minds. In 1960 to 1970, the origin time period of criticism upon Pakistani Urdu Afsana. It covers the various theoretical debate on Pakistani culture. It contains the effects of Modernism on decorum of literary criticism upon Pakistani Urdu Afsana. The literary study gets the taste of new theories around the eighties, ''Structuralism '' than '' Post Structuralism'' introduced as the very new and fresh terms in literary criticism of Urdu Afsana. 1980 till day shows survey of effects of post Modernism, Structuralism, Post Structuralism, the study of distinguish feature of literary criticism upon Urdu Afsana is also a part of thesis. In the last chapter, comparative study of the literary criticism upon Pakistani Urdu Afsana collected explorations and results of the discussion has been arranged. Although , the literary criticism of Pakistani Urdu Afsana is comprised of various time period discussed in this study but the division of critical inclinations of one time period affects the fictional criticism of others time periods. Therefore, criticism of Pakistani Urdu Afsana went through different stages. Till now there are changes taking place in it. From the start of twentieth century till now the critical literary theories, social and political conditions changed it and it becomes more progressive and elaborated. The objective of this study is to highlight all the ups and downs of literary criticism written upon Pakistani Urdu Afsana during 20th century. It is the analytical study of quality and evolution of literary criticism .Actually this study is an attempt to understand the critical approaches to Pakistani Urdu Afsana which vary from time to time.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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