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شیخ عبدالقادر سرفراز

شیخ عبدالقادر سرفراز (پونا)
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ فضل و کمال کی ایک ممتاز یادگار اٹھ گئی، یعنی پروفیسر شیخ عبدالقادر سرفراز (پونا) نے چوہتر سال کی عمر میں انتقال کیا، مرحوم مشرقی علوم والسنہ کے نامور فاضل تھے، عربی، فارسی اور انگریزی کے علاوہ سنسکرت اور مرہٹی زبان کے بھی ماہر تھے، عبرانی سے بھی واقفیت رکھتے تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی علم و تعلیم کی خدمت میں گزری، ابتدا میں انفنسٹن کالج بمبئی میں استاد مقرر ہوئے تھے، پھر دکن کالج پونا میں تبادلہ ہوگیا، اور یہیں سے ۱۹۳۳؁ء میں ریٹائر ہوئے، ان کی علمی خدمات کی فہرست طویل ہے ، بمبئی یونیورسٹی کے عربی فارسی اور اردو مخطوطات کا محققانہ کیٹیلاگ تیار کیا جو عرصہ ہوا چھپ چکا ہے، تاریخ طبری کی بعض جلدوں کا انگریزی میں ترجمہ کیا، یہ بھی شائع ہوچکا ہے، تاریخ جہانگشاہی نادری، سبحۃ الابرار جامی اورو قائع نعمت خان عالی کی تصحیح و تہذیب کی اور اس پر محققانہ حواشی لکھے، جن کی اشاعت کی نوبت ابھی تک نہیں آئی، ان کے علاوہ اور بہت سے کام انجام دیئے، جن کی تفصیل آئندہ کسی پرچہ میں پیش کی جائے گی۔
اس علم کے ساتھ نہایت راسخ العقیدہ و باعمل اور پابند مذہب مسلمان تھے، حج بیت اﷲ کے شرف سے بھی مشرف ہوئے تھے، طبعاً نہایت متین، سنجیدہ، خاموش اور متواضع و خاکسار تھے، مولانا شبلی مرحوم سے ان کے تعلقات بڑے مخلصانہ تھے، جو ان کے بعد وراثۃً دارالمصنفین کے حصہ میں آئے، دارالمصنفین سے ان کو نہایت گہرا تعلق تھا، اس کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے رکن بھی تھے، عرصہ ہوا ایک مرتبہ پونا سے اعظم گڑھ آنے کی زحمت گوارا کی تھی، اب اس زمانہ میں ایسے اصحاب کمال کا پیدا ہونا مشکل ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس سرفرازِ علم کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز...

Media Framing of the ‘War on Terror’: The Case of Urdu-Language Elite Press During the Dictatorial Regime in Pakistan

This research is focused on press-government relationship on the issue of ‘War on Terrorism’ (WoT) during the dictatorial regime led by the then military ruler General Pervez Musharraf who remained in power till 2008 in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Global war against terrorism, generally known as ‘war on terror’ was actually started by the United States of America in the aftermath of 9/11 episode in 2001. Pakistan, on US demand, had not only become an important ally of the grand alliance formed under the umbrella of the United States but had also adopted the role of a frontline state just to fight the war against terrorism (WoT) alongside the war allies. Generally mass media have the potential to influence public opinion and help reshape the states’ policies on different issues. Likewise, mass media of Pakistan also took an active part in the war either by going alongside the then dictatorial government or against it. This research is based on examining the way the Urdu language elite press, the most popular mass media of Pakistan, covered the dictatorial regime of President General Pervez Musharraf with regard to its policy on the issue of ‘WoT’. Main purpose of this study is to know the nature of relationship between the Urdu-language elite press and the dictatorial government of Gen Musharraf in Pakistan with regard to their policy positions on ‘WoT’ from 2001 to 2008. Three newspapers including daily Jang, daily Nawa-I-Waqt, and daily Pakistan, considered to be representatives of the Urdu-language elite press of Pakistan, were selected for this study. The method used to measure the phenomenon is called framing where contents of the selected dailies were measured both quantitatively and qualitatively. Data were collected through systematic sampling method, while coding sheet was used as a tool for data collection. Unsigned main editorials of the selected newspapers were analyzed to examine the nature of relationship existed between the two entities i.e. The Urdu-language elite press, and the dictatorial government of Gen Pervez Musharraf, on the issue of ‘WoT’ in Pakistan. The results revealed that the selected elite newspapers, in general, remained critical to the dictatorial regime on the issue of ‘WoT’. The findings also revealed that daily Nawa-I-Waqt remained highly critical to the government as compared to its other contemporaries i.e. Daily Jang, and daily Pakistan. It was also revealed that the Urdu-language elite press while framing the ‘War on Terror’ remained somewhat supportive and rarely neutral to the dictatorial regime on it policy on ‘WoT’.

Analysis of Marked and Unmarked Choices of Code by Pakistani Bilingual Students

The present study focuses on the social and pragmatic motivations for codeswitching between Urdu-English in the language of Pakistani students in an educational setting. Using Markedness Model as the guiding theory, this research is an attempt to explore the impact of language environment and text types (referred to as discourse types in line with Hynd & Chase's [1991] study) on the verbal behaviour of Pakistani educated bilinguals. Students listened to three different texts — narrative, expository and instructional —in the form of audios in different languages —English, Urdu and Pakistani' —placed in order through Graeco Latin Square. The data is collected through directive interaction from a sample of 108 participants from public sector colleges in Islamabad. The participants' responses to questions on what they had heard in the audios were audio-taped and transcribed which provided data for the study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data analysis. The findings for the qualitative content analysis demonstrate that despite limited proficiency in the second/foreign language as learners, the participants have a tendency to make marked choices of code to heighten their desire for higher social and economic status. The quantitative results reveal that participants are more sensitive to language environment regarding their use of English words (MS=16784.410, F (2,214) = 48.54, p< .001) and Urdu words (MS=47436.565, F (2,214) = 71.67, p< .001) as compared to discourse type, which showed no significant effect on the frequency of mixing codes. It also suggests that factors of gender, educational level and language background have some significance but in order to be polite in their responses, students attempt to accommodate their speech with the environment. The study implies that codeswitching in educational discourse is one of the major factors promoting bilingualism in the country. Implications for research on Pakistani's future status as a mixed code or a developing creole are given at the end. In the present study, Urdu-English codeswitched language has been called Pakistani which is different from Pakistani English.
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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