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اردو زبان کے نام

موضوع 8: اردو زبان کے مختلف نام
اردو زبان کو مختلف ادوار میں مختلف ناموں سے پکارا گیا۔ مختلف ادوار میں اسے ہندی،ہندوی ، ہندوستانی کے ناموں سے پکارا جاتا رہا ہے۔ڈاکٹر سلیم اختر نے اپنی کتاب "اردو ادب کی مختصر تاریخ" میں کہا ہے:
"یہ نام بعض اوقات اس مخصوص عہد کے لیے ایک بلیغ استعارہ بھی بن جاتے ہیں۔"
اردو کا لفظ:
اردو کا لفظ وسط ایشیا یا بالائی یورپ سے برصغیر میں داخل ہوا۔وہاں ریوڑ کے معنی میں استعمال کیا گیا۔سندھی زبان میں ڈھیر اور ترکی زبان میں لشکر کے معنی میں ملتا ہے۔ مغل دور میں فوج اور چھتر شاہی کے معنی میں مستعمل رہا۔اسی لیے عساکر(عسکری) کی زبان کو زبان اردو کہا جاتا تھا۔
ہندی یا ہندوی:
اردو زبان کو ہندوستان کی مناسبت سے قدیم زمانے میں ہندی یا ہندوی کہا جاتا تھا۔بقول ڈاکٹر مرزا خلیل احمد بیگ :
"شروع شروع میں یہ زبان اپنی مقامی خصوصیات کی بنا پر ہندوی ، ہندوئی یا ہندی کہلائی۔"(اردو زبان کی لسانی تشکیل)
اس نام کی شہادت قدیم ادبی تصنیفات میں بھی ملتی ہیں۔ قاضی بدر سے لے کر میں سراج الدین خان آرزوتک قدیم لغت نویسوں نے اس زبان کو ہندی یا ہندوی لکھاہے۔ اس کے علاوہ صوفیا کرام کی تحریریں اور اقوال بھی کارآمد ہوتے ہیں۔میر تقی میر نے اپنا تذکرہ "نکات الشعراء میں بھی ہندی کا لفظ استعمال کیا تھا۔ڈاکٹر سہیل بخاری نے بھی اپنی کتاب " اردو کے روپ "میں ہندی یا ہندوی کی مثال دیتے ہوئے کہا :
" شاہ عبدالطیف نے بھی قرآن مجید کا جو ترجمہ کیا اسیزبان ہندی قرار دیا۔"
زبان دہلوی:
امیر خسرو نے اردو کے لیے زبان دہلوی کا نام استعمال کیا ہے۔ اپنی مثنوی "نئے سفر" میں انھوں نے ہندوستان میں تمام مروجہ زبانوں کا تذکرہ کیا ہے۔امیر خسرو کے300 سال بعد ابوالفضل...

تکملہ فتح الملہم میں متون احادیث کی لغوی تحقیق و مباحث

The discipline of Hadith Studies is one of the richest and exclusive disciplines of knowledge as its branches extend to hundred. The religious scholars had written thousands monographs concerning Hadith interpretations and explana-tions. Many voluminous works appeared and exist and each of them is a commendable contribution to Hadith explanations. One of significant works on Hadith explanations is “Takmila Fath al-Mulhim” that is the result of scholastic efforts of many years by Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani. This explanation of Hadith Book Muslim was originated and finished till the “section of Marriage” by Allama Shabbir Ahmad Usmani but he could not extend to it to the last chapter due to his political engagements and later his demise closed the chapter. Molana Muhammad Taqi Usmani completed the remaining works in 18 years & 9 months. His method of interpretation is to decipher complicated, manifold and exotic words at first as the words plays key role in authentication and validity of any connotation. He provides detailed information regarding literal and lexical meaning of a word and then with proper justification and reasoning, he gives preference to someone. He also narrates variation and diversity of meaning attached to any word and proves his standpoint about meanings with allied arguments. This article analyses his method with examples and implications.

Fasciolosis in Pakistan: Adult and Egg Phenotyping, Risk Mapping and Serological Studies in Sub-Tropical Punjab

Fasciolosis also known as fascioliasis is a highly pathogenic liver infection caused by F. hepatica and F. gigantica. The study was aimed to use morphological markers for identification of fasciolids, generation of risk maps and use of rapid and cost effective diagnostic tool to reduce the impact of fasciolosis on animal health. The phenotypic features of adults and eggs of fasciolid species infecting buffaloes from central Punjab area, Pakistan, have been studied to characterize the fasciolid populations involved. Morphometric analyses were made by applying standardized measurements with a computer image analysis system (CIAS). The current investigation is first time conducted in Pakistan to confirm the taxonomic status of fasciolids by comparing with other pure standard populations viz., F. hepatica of European Mediterranean origins and F. gigantica representing Burkina Faso (Africa). In these geographical areas there is no overlapping of both fasciolids species. Only parasites obtained from bovines were employed. The climatic factors influencing fascioliasis presence and potential spread were analyzed from five meteorological stations during 1990-2010. The fascioliasis forecast risk Mt and Wb-bs (Water-Budget-Based System) indices and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), known to be useful for fascioliasis assessment, were obtained and correlated with geographical distribution, seasonality patterns and two-decade evolution of fascioliasis in livestock throughout the province. These two climatic forecast indices and a remote sensing marker are used to characterize the climatic factors and the earth surface in order to ascertain the epidemiological complexity and time-lag dynamics of fascioliasis. The seroprevalence of fascioliasis was also determined in sub-tropical Punjab with the application of a very sensitive and xxxispecific ELISA test by using monoclonal antibodies which are able to detect even very low intensity infection. The MM3 Sero-ELISA was applied to check the status of fascioliasis. The increase of disease transmission risk in the lowlands should be highlighted, given that the largest part of the Punjab province includes low altitude, highly irrigated plains. The importance of livestock in this province makes this phenomenon to be given forecast priority assessment henceforth in order to establish the adequate control measures. The use of cost effective diagnostic tools would be helpful to reduce the impact of fascioliasis on animal health by selecting the appropriate anthelmintic treatment. An annual treatment scheme to effectively control the disease is finally recommended to be applied throughout the whole Punjab province.
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