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پروفیسر افغان اﷲ خاں

پروفیسر افغان اﷲ
یہ خبر افسوس ناک ہے کہ اردو کے ایک اور خدمت گزار پروفیسر افغان اﷲ خاں صاحب نے بھی اچانک آخرت کا رخت سفر باندھ لیا، ایک سمینار میں شرکت کے لیے انہوں نے دہلی کا سفر کیا تھا لیکن کیا خبر تھی کہ یہ اس دنیا کے آخری سفر کی تیاری تھی، سمینار کے پہلے روز وہ پورے نشاط کے ساتھ مختلف نشستوں میں شریک رہے، دوسرے روز دل میں درد اٹھا جس نے دنیا کے ہر دکھ سے ان کو نجات دے دی، وہ گورکھ پور یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو کے صدر تھے، سکونت بھی اسی شہر میں تھی لیکن رہنے والے اصلاً وہ اعظم گڑھ کے ایک گاؤں خالص پور کے تھے شروع سے ذہین تھے، فراق گورکھ پوری پر جناب محمود الٰہی کے زیر نگرانی پی ایچ ڈی کی سند حاصل کی اور اس شان سے کہ موضوع پر یہ مقالہ خود سند بن گیا، کئی کتابیں سپرد قلم کیں، تاریخ ہند سے متعلق طراز ظہیری ان کی آخری تالیف تھی، باغ و بہار شخصیت کے مالک تھے، دارالمصنفین سے رشتہ اخلاص تھا، آخری بار وہ علامہ شبلی سمینار میں شرکت کی غرض سے یہاں آئے تھے، اتفاق ہے کہ مارچ کے معارف میں ان کا مضمون شائع ہوا، وہ ایک ہمدرد استاد، ہمدرد دوست اور ہمدرد انسان تھے، یو پی اردو اکیڈمی بھی ان کی سرگرمیوں کا مرکز تھی، گوشہ نشین اردو کے خادموں کی خدمت انہوں نے بے غرض ہو کر کی، صرف ۵۷ سال کی عمر میں ان کا اس طرح رخصت ہوجانا اردو کے لیے ہی نہیں، انسانیت اور شرافت کی دنیا کے لیے ایک بڑا حادثہ اور خسارہ ہے، خدا مغفرت فرمائے، آمین۔ ( عمیر الصدیق دریابادی ندوی ، اپریل ۲۰۰۸ء)

 

The Tradition of Innovation in Islamic Civilization: An Exclusive Study of Early Ages of Islam

اسلامی تہذیب میں تازہ کاری کی روایت: قرون اولی کا اختصاصی مطالعہ Islamic civilization was founded by the Holy Prophet (May blessings of Allah and peace be upon him) right from the beginning of Islam. Each civilization and every culture are deeply affected by the concurrent cultures and civilizations and it used to adopt and borrow many things from other civilizations. Similarly, Islamic civilization and culture borrowed many aspects from other prevailing civilizations. With the passing day, these intercultural relations and exchanges became the part and parcel of the Islamic civilization. Such communications, and they have marked all epochs in Islamic history, occur in greatly diverse ways. The Holy Prophet also approved some traditions in this regard and the four Caliphs adopted many customs too. This reflects the adoption and concluding from other civilizations is not prohibited in every case, but this adoption must not be against Islamic teachings. Now a days, the entire world has become a worldwide town because of internet and technological developments. It is relatively obvious that Muslims are adopting many things from western civilization and culture without knowing its legitimacy or illegitimacy. Resultantly, these activities apparently become the chunk of Islamic civilization. This investigation seeks guidance from golden period of Islam i.e. Early centuries of Islam and describes its validity or voidness. In this article, these experiences of Islamic civilization and culture in adopting and concluding from other civilizations and cultures have been conferred and their principles and opinion of the prominent scholars, in this context, been talked about in the light of Islamic teachings. This study will promulgate awareness about the tradition of innovation in Islamic civilization and will provide guidance to the new researchers about this topic.  

Optimal Parameter Selection for High Accuracy Area Classification in Hyper Spectral and Landsat-8 Imagery With Seasonal Change Detection

The thesis proposes area classification after construction of datasets with pre-processing for Hyperion Hyperspectral, Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Advanced Land Imager (ALI) orthoimages. The techniques perform comparative analysis of Hyperion Hyperspectral, OLI and ALI orthoimages in terms of high Signal to Noise (SNR), spectral band configuration, technical superiority, improved system design and high radiometric resolution. The thesis further proposes criteria for selection of parameters like gamma parameter, penalty parameter, pyramid parameter and classification probability threshold to achieve higher classification accuracies of Hyperion Hyperspectral, OLI and ALI Satellite orthoimages by using Support Vector Machine (SVM), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Spectral Information Divergence (SID) classifiers. After performing the comparison, the thesis selects SVM as the most appropriate classifier in terms of overall accuracy, individual classes and the best orthoimagery i.e. Hyperion, OLI and ALI respectively. The thesis also presents application of classification accuracy assessment on Hyperion Hyperspectral, OLI and ALI orthoimages by using different classifiers i.e. SVM, SAM and SID. The thesis also proposes high accuracy based seasonal change detection analysis technique on Hyperion Hyperspectral, ALI and different datasets of OLI by using change detection matrix and difference maps. As a result of these contributions, 1x Journal and 6 x Conference papers duly peer reviewed have been published. The pre-processing of 242 bands of hyperspectral data results in 136 calibrated bands. Quick Atmospheric Correction (QUAC) are applied to Hyperion Hyperspectral and Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hyper cubes (FLAASH) are applied to OLI and ALI imagery respectively for atmospheric correction. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used for dimensional reduction of the hyperspectral data. PCA reveals that 99.94% of the hyperspectral data are contained in the first 15 Principal Components (PCs). Distinct spectral profiles are identified for all classes which are highly beneficial for feature identification and classification of images. Novel parameters are selected for high accuracy area classification in hyperspectral, OLI and ALI imagery via SVM, SAM and SID classification techniques. High accuracy based post classification change detection analysis is used on Hyperion Hyperspectral, ALI and different OLI datasets to produce difference maps which provide information not only about change of category but also type of change i.e. “from-to” of category of classes. Change detection matrix is also used which shows an overall decrease and increase of corresponding spatial extension of classes whereas diagonal elements of the change detection matrix show the unchanged pixels for the individual classes. The post classification technique is selected because of its ability for accurate change detection analysis of imagery of different sensors and its advantages over pre-classification methods that it compensates for variation in atmospheric correction and in conditions where the change is limited due to small rate of change. The results show that Hyperion hyperspectral and Landsat-8 OLI data achieved higher accuracies in mapping applications and high accuracy based post classification seasonal change detection analysis on different datasets on OLI results extraction of accurate change detection information as compared to previous Landsat satellite series.
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