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آثم فردوسی

آثم مرزا (۱۹۳۳ء۔۲۰۰۳ء) کا اصل نام مرزا محمد طفیل بیگ تھا۔ آپ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ (۸۱۷) آثم مرزا بنیادی طورپر ایک افسانہ نگار ہیں لیکن انھوں نے شاعری بھی کی ہے۔ ان کا شعری کلام ملک کے اہم رسائل جرائد’’محفل‘‘،لاہور’’اظہار‘‘،کراچی’’اتالیق‘‘،سیالکوٹ’’جسارت‘‘کراچی’’ویمن ڈائجسٹ‘‘،’’حرم‘‘،لاہور ، ’’سیارہ ‘‘،لاہور’’امروز‘‘ لاہور اور ’’شام و سحر‘‘ لاہور میں چھپتا رہا۔ ابھی تک آثم مرزا کا کوئی شعری مجموعہ منظر عام پر نہیں آیا۔

ترقی پسند تحریک کے ہیجانی و جذباتی دور میں آثم مرزا نے افسانوی نثر کے ساتھ ساتھ شاعری کے کوچے میں قدم رکھا۔ اور آزاد نظم کو اپنے خیالات کے اظہار کا ذریعہ بنایا۔ ان کی شاعری میں سیاسی لہر کارفرما نظر آتی ہے۔ مگر انھوں نے خود کو مریضانہ محور پر اشتراکی فلسفے کے تابع نہ کیا بلکہ اپنا اسلامی تشخص برقرار رکھا۔ آثم مرزا کی ایک مشہور نظم ’’مجھے بھی ہتھیاردو‘‘ کے عنوان سے اس کے سیاسی ہونے کا پتہ چلتا ہے لیکن انھوں نے اس نظم میں سیاسی پراپیگنڈہ سے کام نہیں لیا ہے۔ اس نظم کے کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ فرمائیے:

مجھے بھی ہتھیار دو کہ میں بھی

ستمگروں کے حصار ظلمت میں قید انسانیت کے بگڑے نقوش کو رنگ روپ دے کر

آزاد کر دوں گا

کہ اُجڑی راہوں میں گمشدہ نکہتوں کے

فانوس جمگمگائیں

کہ فصلِ گُل کی نوید

پت جھڑ کی اوٹ میں بے قرار راہوں کی زندگی کا سرور بخشے(۸۱۸)

اس نظم کے آخر میں وہ نئے عزم کا اظہار اس طرح کرتے ہیں:

مجھے بھی ہتھیار دو(۸۱۹)

آثم مرزا قلبی واردات کو شعری قالب میں ڈھالنے کے ساتھ ساتھ ماحول،معاشرے اور جدید رجحانات کو بھی ذہن میں رکھتے ہیں۔ وہ جس دنیا میں رہتے ہیں اس کے نشیب و فراز تک رسائی کر کے...

حضرت محمدﷺ کے معجزۂ معراج اور اسراء کے متعلق سرسید احمد خان کا تصور

Amongst other miracles of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), ISRAA and MAIRAAJ are one of the well-known miracles that have been discussed a lot in Sirat-ul-Nabi. This article, therefore, has brought under discussion the occur-rence of this miracle in the light of Qura’n and Ahadith in details.  Furthermore, it has also been discussed whether the occurrence of this miracle was physical or spiritual in its nature.  The concept of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan regarding this miracle has also been discussed; where he support his arguments with reference to some Ahadith, that the entire situation concerning the miracles was merely a dream and this miracle did not take place in physical form. According to him, this is against the law of nature. In this article the explicit concepts of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan have been rejected with the arguments given by the Majority of the Scholars and Muslim thinkers.

Essays on Investment Behavior in Pakistan

The thesis consists of four independent essays on investment behavior in Pakistan. These include (i) Investment Trends and Policies in Pakistan; (ii) Political and Economic Uncertainty and Investment Behavior in Pakistan (iii) Private, Public and Foreign Investment Nexus in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis of Crowding-in/out Effects; and (iv) Investment Behavior in Pakistan: A Sector-Wise Analysis of Private and Public Investment. The first essay surveys investment trends and policy framework for the economy of Pakistan. The economic situation in Pakistan has endured many fluctuations since independence in 1947. The situation is not different for the case of investment patterns throughout the history of the country. In addition to that, the country has been confronted with multiple policy changes such as nationalization, denationalization, privatization etc. coupled with political instability. The study analyzes the (i) trends of public, private domestic and foreign direct investments along with trends of total investment and economic (GDP) growth; distribution of aggregate investment; and (ii) sector-wise composition of private and government investments for the time span 1959-60 to 2014-2015. The analysis reveals that over the period private domestic investment has dominant share in total investment compared to public investment and foreign direct investment. Sector-wise private investment composition shows the dominant share of services over time. On the other hand, in case of sector wise composition for the public investment the general government investment has witnessed the rising trends over the years and emerged as a leading sector followed by industry and services respectively. The second essay examines the impact of macroeconomic uncertainty and political (in) stability, controlling for other determinants of investment, on aggregate/total gross fixed investment in Pakistan. Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) technique is used to analyse the investment behavior under uncertainty. The study finds that political stability affects the aggregate investment significantly and positively in the long-run. The impact of macroeconomic uncertainty on investment is found to be negative and significant. Other findings are consistent with literature. Analysis in the third essay aims to empirically explore the public, private domestic and foreign direct investments nexus to figure out the direction and relative strength of the relationship. Using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) the interrelationship among the private domestic investment, public investment, foreign direct investment (FDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is analysed. The results show that all the three types of investments (private domestic, public and foreign direct) are substituting (i.e. crowding-out) each other while these investments are robust determinants of economic growth. The fourth essay investigates the determinants of private sector investment in major economic activities/categories viz. agriculture, industry and services and public investment including general government investment for the Pakistan economy. The models of private gross fixed investment in each sector and public investment are developed in the light of relevant theoretical and empirical literature. Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) modeling technique is applied for each case to analyze investment behavior in Pakistan. The overall findings of the study are in line with theoretical models as well as dynamics of the economy. The results reveal that the accelerator model performs well for both private and public investments while the user cost of capital is not significantly explaining private investment behavior. The behavior across the sectors not only differs in terms of overall but also sector-specific determinants. The findings also suggest the structural change process in investment patterns for the Pakistan economy.
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