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24. Al-Nur/The Light

24. Al-Nur/The Light

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

24:01
This is a Surah that WE have sent down, and made its Injunctions mandatory to be applied in matters of ethics, mannerism, and morality,
and WE have sent down Clear Messages in it so that you may contemplate and enact.

24:02
The adulterous and fornicator female and the adulterous and fornicator male, where both are equally guilty of engaging in an extramarital relationship, flog each one of them a hundred lashes.
And let no compassion, pity, or sympathy for both of them keep you away from executing the command of Allah’s Religion, if you truly believe in Allah – the One and Only God of everyone, and the Last Hour.
And ensure that a group of believers witness their punishment.

24:03
After the punishment has been executed the adulterous or fornicator male will not marry anyone but an adulterous or fornicator female, or a polytheist female.
And the adulterous or fornicator female will only marry an adulterous or fornicator male, or a polytheist male.
But marrying someone guilty of adultery or fornication is forbidden for the believers.

24:04
And those who falsely accuse a chaste/respectable lady of an extramarital affair on circumstantial evidence but then do not bring four eye witnesses in support of their accusation,
then flog them eighty lashes,
and never accept their testimony ever again.
And those - they are the ones who have overstepped the limits.

24:05
Exceptions are those who later repent and reform themselves,
for sure, Allah is All-Forgiving, All-Compassionate.

24:06
And as for those...

رتن ہندی کے دعوی صحابیت کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Ratan Hindi was born in the Indian side of the Punjab in the 6th AH. He claimed that he had met Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) in Madinah; had accepted Islam in his presence; joined the wedding ceremony of Fatimah (RA) and had also took part in the battle of trench (Ghazwah-e-Khandaq). He also affirmed that his long age was due to the blessings of the Prophet (PBUH) who prayed for his long life. It is also said that he had witnessed the miracle of the splitting of moon in India. The present paper, after proper investigation conducted in the light of original sources, i.e. Ḥadith and its Sciences, books of Rijal and history of Islam prove his claim of Ṣahabiyyat to be false and baseless. It also presents definition of a Ṣahabi (Prophet’s Companion) along with conditions deemed by scholars of Ḥadith for such a position.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Sequestration by Soil Organic Matter Fractions and its Effect on Plant Growth

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental hazards in Pakistan. There are many ways in which the PAH can enter the soil environment and interfere with the soil system and the plants grown in soil. This study demonstrates the efficacy of organic amendments to improve phytoremediation efficiency in PAH contaminated soil. The main objectives of the study were to compare PAH concentration in soil before and after the pot experiments in different treatments and demonstrate the interaction of soil PAHs and compost amendments on PAH bioavailability in soil. To assess plant growth in PAH contaminated soil and their subsequent uptake of PAH by vetiver grass and rye grass and to evaluate the effect of season on the PAH sequestration in SOM fractions. Experiments were conducted with two different soils (S1: Gujar Khan with silty clay loam texture and S2: PMAS-Arid agriculture university Rawalpindi main campus with sandy loam texture) and grass (P1: vetiver; P2: rye grass) types. Each type of soil and grass was studied in six different levels of diesel contamination and compost amendment (T1: Control; T2: 1% compost; T3: 0.5% diesel (PAHs); T4: 1% diesel (PAHs); T5: 0.5% diesel (PAHs) + 1% compost and T6: 1% diesel (PAHs) + 1% compost) and performed with three replications. Pot trials were conducted in two seasons: during June – September (2012), and October – January (2013). Soil physic-chemical analysis and soil organic matter fractionation was performed at the start of experiments and also at the end of pot experiments. Soil PAHs analysis was done after the 15 days of spiking and at the end of experiments. PAHs were analyzed by GC-MS. Physicochemical analysis of the soil pH and EC values were lower than the initial values. 21 Similarly organic matter, TOC and TN concentrations varied significantly in each treatment. Plant growth revealed that PAH contamination negatively influenced both grass species. However adding compost improved the plant growth in PAHcontaminated soils with 1% compost. In treatments with diesel and compost amendments the plant biomass was higher in summer compared to winter. A 56% decrease in root length was observed in vetiver grass when soil was spiked with 1% diesel. Uptake of low molecular weight PAHs was higher compared to high molecular weight PAHs. Accumulation of PAHs in root and shoot corresponded to the removal of PAHs from soil by grasses. The accumulation of PAHs in plant biomass was greater in summer than winter. The effect of various treatments applied showed that the more PAHs accumulated in the absence of compost. Whereas the sequestration by SOM in T5 and T6 reduced the concentration of PAHs in soil. In vetiver most of PAHs are accumulated in roots compared to shoots. GC-MS analysis for soil PAHs indicated that PAH concentration declined from the initial concentration. Microbial community analysis by TRFLP showed that Streptomyces and Mycobacterium were the dominating species in diesel contaminated soil. Soil fractionation showed that the humin fraction had higher percentage in both types of soils, while Fulvic acid concentration was lowest in all treatments. However, fulvic acid content was positively correlated to the PAHs in soil. In the case of high molecular weight PAHs, humic acid was positively correlated with the sequestration matrix. This study clearly showed that the phytoremediation of contaminated soil using organic amendments and plants with a dense root system could be a useful approach for removal of PAHs from contaminated soil. Compost amendment has increased the degradation of PAHs through facilitated by microbial activity. Soil organic matter fractions were the prime sites where PAHs was mostly sequestered.
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