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مری سانسیں ہوں مشکبار اے کاش!


میری سانسیں ہوں مشک بار اے کاش
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اُنؐ کی دہلیز پر جھکا کر سر
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اُنؐ کے قدموں سے ہم لپٹ جائیں
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مجھ سے کہتے ہیں روز و شب میرے
نعت ہی ہو ترا شعار اے کاش

Exploring the Challenges Faced by The Teachers in Developing Higher Order Thinking Skills Among Students at Higher Education Level

This study was designed to describe the importance of higher order thinking skills (HOTS) among students by the teachers; to analyze the availability of instructional facilities and to explore the challenges faced by the teachers in developing higher order thinking skills among students at higher education level. The theoretical framework of the study was based on the model of Bloom’s revised taxonomy and higher order thinking skills by Mishra & Kotecha (2016). The model based on six dimensions named as remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating and creating. The research approach was qualitative with case study research design. The population of the study was based on faculty members of the three different departments of the National university of Modern Languages, Islamabad. Convenient sampling was used as the sampling technique. Data was collected by open ended questionnaire. Data was analyzed by categories and sub-categories after that researchers established codes from the responses of the faculty members. The findings of the study revealed that higher order thinking skills are important because it help us to develop critical thinking skills and creativity. Teachers faced many challenges during the class like lack of time, cooperation among students, diverse mental level, large number of students and lack of physical resources. These challenges can be tackled by motivation and suitable teaching method.

Physical, Biochemical and Genetic Properties of Indigenous Walnut Juglans Regia L. Genotypes in Malakand Division

Malakand division of North West Frontier Province, Pakistan is famous for the production of walnuts and it alone contributes about 82% of the total country’s walnut production. However, the specie is being aggressively cut due to multiple uses of walnut bark and wood, leading to the extinction and genetic erosion of valuable walnut germplasm. To conserve this specie, surveys were conducted in four walnut growing districts of Malakand division during the years 2005 and 2006 and nut samples from 226 walnut genotypes were collected. Data were recorded on various qualitative and quantitative traits. On the basis of data analyses 18 superior walnut genotypes along with two exotic varieties were selected for further detail study. Results revealed that several of our indigenous genotypes excelled the existing exotic varieties growing in Pakistan in various quality aspects. Bio-chemical composition of the selected genotypes revealed that the percent crude fat ranged from 54.7 to 63.8% whereas crude protein from 10.45 to 14.50% and carbohydrates between 13.10 to 26.95 percent. At molecular level genotypes showed various levels of genetic polymorphism for the loci detected by using primers GLA-05 and GLA-10. Maximum genetic distance (100%) was observed between Payne and Sw-58 and Payne and Serr, closely followed at 94% dissimilarity between Payne and Dr-67. Based on the data from the dendrogram, the walnut genotypes were classified in to four major groups. Maximum numbers (13) of genotypes fall in group-I. Sw-58 was the only genotypes in group-IV and the most distinct from others. The response of selected walnut genotypes to graft take success was also studied. Results revealed that graft take success was highest (75.33%) in genotypes Ch-22 and Sw-8 (74.00%), while lowest (40.00%) in genotype Ch-7. During one growing season, Ch-20 attained maximum plant height (192.40cm) compared to minimum (56.63cm) in genotype Sw-46. Three different summer walnut propagation methods on 10 different dates were also examined. Results revealed that among the three methods of summer budding, patch budding performed on 20th July yielded the highest bud take success of 57.5%. Previously there was no concept of budding in walnut nurseries in the region. Thus by practicing summer budding along with winter grafting in walnut nurseries will certainly increase farmers income.
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