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جگرؔ مرادآبادی

جگرؔ مراد آبادی
افسوس ہے کہ بزم شاعری کی وہ شمع جو ایک عرصہ سے جھلملا رہی تھی، بالآخر خاموش ہوگئی، جناب جگرؔ مراد آبادی نے ۹؍ ستمبر کو گونڈہ میں انتقال کیا، وہ صحیح معنوں میں اس دور کے رئیس المتغزلین تھے، غزل مدتوں سے جسم بے جان ہورہی تھی، سب سے پہلے حسرتؔ کی مسیحائی نے اس میں جان ڈالی پھر فانیؔ، اصغرؔ اور جگرؔ نے اس کو سنوارا، یہ چاروں غزل کے ارکان اربعہ تھے، لیکن جگر نے اس کا رنگ ایسا نکھارا کہ ان کا طرز تعزل غزل گوئی کا معیار قرار پایا، انھوں نے تغزل کو اس درجہ تک پہنچادیا ہے کہ مستقبل قریب میں ان کے جیسا غزل گو پیدا ہونے کی امید نہیں، ان کا طرز اس قدر مقبول ہوا کہ نئے شعراء کی پوری نسل اس سے متاثر ہوئی اور نہ صرف تغزل بلکہ جگر کے ترنم، وضع قطع حتی کہ شاعرانہ لاابالی پن کی بھی تقلید کی جانے لگی اردو شاعری کی تاریخ میں کسی شاعر کو اپنی زندگی میں شائد ہی اتنی مقبولیت حاصل ہوئی ہو اور اس کا اتنا ہمہ گیر اثر پڑا ہو۔
اخلاقی حیثیت سے بھی جگر اتنے شریف، وضعدار، بلند نظر اور عالی ظرف انسان تھے کہ اس دور کے شاعروں میں اس کی مثال ملنا مشکل ہے، اعظم گڑھ اور دارالمصنفین سے ان کا تعلق بہت قدیم تھا، ان کا تعارف یہیں سے ہوا اور ان کی شہرت نے یہیں سے پرپرواز نکالے آج سے پینتیس سال پہلے جب وہ چشمہ کے تاجر کی حیثیت سے اعظم گڑھ آتے تھے اس وقت مرزا احسان احمد صاحب نے ۱۹۱۹؁ء میں مخزن میں پہلی مرتبہ ان کا تعارف کرایا، پھر ۱۹۲۱؁ء میں ان کا پہلا دیوان ’’داغ جگر‘‘ اپنے مقدمہ کے ساتھ شائع کیا، یہ مجموعہ معارف پریس میں چھپا تھا، اسی زمانہ سے...

PENINGKATAN MUTU PEMBELAJARAN MELALUI SUPERVISI AKADEMIK PADA MTS NEGERI 2 BANGGAI

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan kinerja guru di MTS Negeri 2 Banggai Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019 setelah mengikuti supervisi akademik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan sekolah. Subjek penelitian adalah guru di MTS Negeri 2 Banggai yang berjumlah 8 orang guru. Data kinerja guru pada penelitian ini dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Indikator keberhasilan penelitian ini adalah: apabila rata-rata kinerja guru minimal pada kategori Tinggi, dan ketuntasan klasikal sebesar 90%. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa: penerapan supervisi akademik secara efektif dapat meningkatkan kinerja guru di MTS Negeri 2 Banggai Semester 1 Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019. Hal ini ditunjukkan dari rerata kinerja guru sebelum penelitian sebesar 130, 50 berada pada kategori sedang, meningkat pada siklus I menjadi 150, 13 berada pada kategori tinggi dan meningkat lagi pada siklus II menjadi 167 berada pada kategori sangat tinggi

Conjunctive Use of Finite Element Model and Geographic Information System to Develop Three-Dimensional Numerical Groundwater Flow Model and Hydrochemical Studies of the Upper Thal Doab, Punjab, Pakistan.

A multidisciplinary and integrated study comprising hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, environmental isotopes, and numerical flow modeling has been carried out in the part of the Upper Thal Doab, Indus Basin (Pakistan) to understand the mechanism of the groundwater flow system, its suitability for municipal and agriculture use, surfacewater-groundwater interaction, recharge mechanism and determination of groundwater residence time. The study area lies in the province of Punjab and it is mainly consisted of Layyah district and some parts of Bhakkar, Muzaffargarh and Jhang districts. It is bounded on the west by the River Indus and on the east by the Jhelum and Chenab rivers. Hydrogeological data collected from various sources has been utilized effectively with the support of NeuraDB and PPDM, and efficient workflows that were developed in MS Visio software. Spatial analysis and thematic mapping of the study area have been carried out using ESRI ArcGIS software. Twenty four (24) groundwater samples have been collected from the water table surfaces and also beneath them at every 3.3 m (10 ft) intervals, which were analyzed for major cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) and anions (HCO3 -, Cl-, and SO4 2-) to evaluate the groundwater quality for municipal and agriculture use. Different irrigation indices including Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Percent Sodium (%Na), Residual Sodium Bicarbonate (RSBC), Kelly’s Index (KI), Permeability Index (PI) and Potential Soil Salinity (PS) have been evaluated for classification and suitability of groundwater to be used for irrigation purposes. Chemically analyzed data is projected graphically on variety of plots including Piper, Durov, Ternary, Schoeller, Series plots, Wilcox, Depth Profile, Radial, Stiff, and Pie charts with respect to the various depths of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 m. Thematic maps constructed (at the depth of 200 m) in GIS are used to evaluate the overall trend and better understanding of the study area. This study infers different water types in the Upper Thal Doab; most of them belong to water type of Na-Cl or K-HCO3. Other predominant hydrogeochemical facies are Na-SO4, K-SO4, Mg-Cl, K-Cl, Na-HCO3, Mg-HCO3, Mg-SO4. Electrical conductivity (EC) has shown a direct relationship with Sodium (Na+) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at various depths. Most of the samples indicate medium to very high ii salinity hazard based on TDS, EC, MAR, %Na and KI, and are thus considered unsuitable for irrigation purposes. Fifty eight (58) samples were used for stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) and forty three (43) for radioactive isotopes (3H) to analyze surfacewater-groundwater interaction, study of recharge mechanism and determination of residence time (age) of groundwater. The sampling points included rivers, canals, hand pumps and tube wells (water wells). The rivers and canals represent surface water (recharge source) while the hand pumps and tube wells represent the shallow and deep groundwater respectively. This study yielded that groundwater is recharged mainly by Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) and rainfall. Furthermore, younger waters are available along the Indus and Chenab Rivers up to greater depth and large areal extent. Numerical groundwater flow modeling has been conducted using FEFLOW and run for both steady-state and transient conditions. The steady-state model was calibrated with the hydrogeological conditions of December 2002 when water levels in the aquifer were nearly in equilibrium. The Parameter Estimation (PEST) program was used for the automatic calibration. The calibrated model was used further to visualize the future groundwater behavior for the next 25 years as a predictive tool to quantify the potential impacts of specific stresses on potentiometric heads and other model outputs over a period of time. Numerical groundwater modeling shows that surrounding rivers (Indus and Chenab) and major irrigation canals along with their distributaries are the major sources of groundwater recharge and responsible for any groundwater level changes in the area. These developed models used as effective tools for evaluating better management options for sustainable use of groundwater. Integration of GIS with groundwater modeling provided an efficient way of analyzing and monitoring groundwater. Different software including, AquaChem, AqQA, NeuraDB, MS Visio and ArcGIS were used as an additive tool to develop supportive data for numerical groundwater modeling, analyzing hydrochemical and isotopes data, managing groundwater data, integration and presentation of modeling results. The overall results demonstrate that the application of GIS in conjunction with hydrochemical analysis, isotopic study and numerical groundwater flow modeling provided an excellent and powerful tool to study groundwater resources and design suitable exploration and management schemes.
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