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مولانا مختار احمد ندوی

مولانا مختار احمد ندوی
افسوس اور سخت افسوس ہے کہ راقم کے بڑے کرم فرما اور ملک کے ممتاز عالم دین مولانا مختار احمد ندوی ۹؍ ستمبر ۲۰۰۷؁ء کو ممبئی میں انتقال فرماگئے، ان کی تدفین دوسرے روز جوہو قبرستان میں ہوئی، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
مولانا مؤ شہر کے محلہ و شوناتھ پورہ میں ۱۹۳۰؁ء میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، ان کے والد کو جمعیۃ اہل حدیث کے سرخیل مولانا ابوالوفا ثناء اﷲ امرتسریؒ سے بڑی عقیدت تھی اور یہ عجیب اتفاق ہے کہ راقم کے والد بھی مولانا امرتسریؒ کے بڑے عقیدت مند تھے اور اکثر ان کا گن گاتے تھے، مولانا مختار احمد کے والد چاہتے تھے کہ ان کا بیٹا بھی علم دین کی تحصیل کرکے دعوت و اشاعت دین کا کام کرے، ان کی یہ آرزو پوری ہوئی اور مولانا مختار احمد برابر دعوت و تبلیغ دین کی خدمت انجام دیتے رہے۔
مؤ میں جمعیۃ اہل حدیث کے کئی بڑے مدارس ہیں، انہوں نے جامعہ عالیہ عربیہ اور فیض عام میں تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے بعد دارالحدیث رحمانیہ دہلی میں داخلہ لیا اور پھر دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلما سے کسب فیض کیا، کچھ عرصے بنارس میں مولانا ابوالقاسم بنارسی کی خدمت میں رہ کر صحیحین کا درس لیا، اس کے بعد وہ دین و دعوت کے کام انجام دینے میں مصروف ہوگئے، پہلے کلکتہ جاکر وہاں کی جامع مسجد اہل حدیث میں خطیب و امام کی ذمہ داری سنبھالی، ۱۹۶۷؁ء میں ممبئی آگئے اور مومن پورہ کی جامع مسجد اہل حدیث میں خطابت و امامت کے فرئض انجام دینے لگے، اس کے بعد بنگالی مسجد مدن پورہ کو اپنا مرکز بنایا، بعد میں صرف جمعہ کی امامت کرتے اور خطبہ دیتے تھے، خوش بیان تھے، ان کا خطبہ سننے کے لیے لوگ دور دراز سے آتے، راقم کو بھی یہاں ایک دوبار ان...

حقوق الإنسان المدنية من خلال وثيقة المدينة: دراسة مقارنة بالمواثيق الدولية

حقوق الإنسان المدنية من خلال وثيقة المدينة: دراسة مقارنة بالمواثيق الدولية This research aims to give the reader a comprehensive view of civil human rights through a comparative study of the Charter of Medina and international conventions. The Charter of Medina designed the foundation of a multi-religious Islamic state in Medina, as it was signed to end the rancorous intertribal aggression among the opposing tribes of Banu ’Aws and Banu Khazraj in Medina and to uphold harmony and co-operation among all Medinan groups. Its major accomplishment was fetching confrontational clans together to form a community and inaugurating long term peace among them. It put an end to the predominant disorder and sheltered the life, self-determination, property and religious freedom for all people. The paper highlights the relevance and importance of civil human rights through the Charter of Medina as well as international conventions in the up-to-date worldwide civilization. The present research examines the historical document of Charter of Medina and elucidates it through examples from Quran and Sunnah as well as compares its core values with international conventions. In this regard the views of the past and contemporary scholarship are also discussed to analyze the challenges and issues of current time. In recent times the efforts and implications of civil human rights have unfolded in many different ways so it is very important for Muslims to know and to relate the Sharī’ah ruling regarding it. The research concludes that as compare to the international convections the system of justice in the Islamic Sharī’ah ensures all rights and with liabilities.

Studies on Vegetation Structure and Species Diversity of Sathan Gally, District Mansehra

This study was designed for the first phytosociological exploration of the floristic exploration of Sathan Gally, District Mansehra, Pakistan. The study area, part of the Western Himalayas, shows rich floristic diversity. In this investigation, an effort was made to document the phyto diversity and vegetation structure of the area by using quadrat method and standard phytosociological tools. A sum of 35 sampling sites were selected randomly for vegetation analysis and 20 quadrats were laid down for herbs, 10 for shrubs and 5 for trees at each sampling site. The study area was visited frequently during flowering seasons of 2013 and 2014. Plant species were collected from a range of localities, identified, preserved and deposited in the Herbarium of Hazara University, Mansehra. The current investigation was conducted to explore the floristic diversity and vegetation structure in context of environmental gradients of investigated area. A total of 170 plants species, belonging to 154 genera of 73 families were recorded in 35 stands. Angiosperms were represented by 92.85%, Gymnosperms by 2.97% and Pteridophytes by 2.16% species. The leading family was Asteraceae represented by 20 species, followed by Rosaceae by 14 species, Poaceae by 12 species, Lamiaceae by 10, Polygonaceae by 5, Primulaceae by 4 species and Caryophyllaceae and Moraceae by an equal sharing of three species each. TWINSPAN multivariate classification and ordination method by CANOCO software which is being used in most of the phytosociological surveys across the world, was applied. TWINSPAN identified six plant communities viz., Pteris-Urtica-Pinus, Pinus-DigitariaSarcococca, Dryopteris-Cedrus-Pinus, Pinus-Cedrus-Indigofera, Pinus-AbiesViburnum and Themeda-Indigofera-Ailanthus. The phytosociological attributes like density, frequency, cover, importance values index, leaf size spectra, life form, index of diversity, species richness and species maturity were recorded. Microphyll contributing 40.47% species were leading leaf spectra class followed by Mesophyll containing 26.78% species, Nanophyll by 24.4% species, Macrophyll and Leptophyll 4.14% species by each. Therophytes were found as leading life form class of the area contributing 30.35% species, followed by Hemicryptophytes 20.23%, Megaphanerophytes 16.66%, Geophytes and Nanophanerophytes by 12.5%, and Chamaephytes by 7.14% species. The Reserved forest showed rich floristic diversity as compared to Guzara forest. In the current study a total of 127 plants species consisting of 59 common and 68 different were found in 13 stands of reserved forest. Angiosperms were represented by 118 (92.91%), plant species Pteridophytes 5(3.93%) species and Gymnosperms 4 (3.14%) species were recorded in Reserved forest. Only single species of climber was documented. The dominant family was Asteraceae (13 species, 10.7%) followed by Labiateae (10 species, 7.75%), Poaceae and Rosaceae (8 species, 6.2%) each, Polygonaceae and Pteridaceae by (5 species, 3.87%) each. Four different plant communities were recognized by TWINSPAN in Reserved forest. A total of 103 plant species of 55 families including 61 common in both forest types and 42 species different to Reserved Forest. These plant species were documented from 22 sampling stands. Angiosperms by (92.3%) plant species Gymnosperms (2.88%) and Pteridophytes (4.8%) were recorded. The dominant family was Poaceae by 11 plant species followed by Asteraceae and Rosaceae each represented by 10 species and Pteridaceae by five plant species. Three plant communities were recognized in Guzara forest by TWINSPAN. The study revealed that the indigenous peoples of the area exploited 86 (51.19%) species as traditional medicinal plants, 136 (80.95%) species for fodder, 48 (28.57%) for fuel wood, 28 (16.66%) for timber woods, 07 (4.16%) for wild vegetable and 02 (1.19%) for ethno-veterinary therapies. Similarly, 17 (10.11%) species for wild edible fruits, 2 (1.19%) species for making agricultural tools, 1 (0.59%) species for fencing field borders. It was observed that the local inhabitants used plant resources for single and multiple purposes. Palatable flora was also documented and it showed that 79.16% of the total recorded flora were grazed by goat, cow, sheep and buffalo in the study area while 20.83% flora was found non-palatable. This study will assist ecologists, botanists, taxonomist, conservationists and policy makers to manage the current status of plants. The present investigation will also serve as baseline for future researches on the Himalaya Regions.
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