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مڈھلی گل

مڈھلی گل

                پندھ ورتی دی گڑھتی مینوں اپنے ابا جی ولوں ملی جو کہ اک اُچ پدھر دے یاتری سن۔ دنیا دے وکھ وکھ دیساں دی یاترا توں وکھ اپنے شوق نوں پورا کرن لئی 1958وچ پنڈ قندیل تحصیل بحرین ضلع سوات وچ گھر وی بنوایا۔ جتھے ہر سال گرمیاں دی رُتے اپنے متراں نال جاندے سن۔ فیر جدوں میں ہوش سنبھالی تاں کدے کدے ضد کر کے اوہناں دے نال ٹر جاندا ساں۔ انج مینوں ربی قدرت (پہاڑ، دریا، چشمے، مینہ،برف تے لینڈ سلائنڈنگ) نوں بہوں نیڑیوں ویکھن دا موقع ملیا۔ سمے دے نال نال میری ایہہ دل چسپی ودھ دی گئی تے میں پنجویں جماعت وچ پہلی وار اپنے سکول دے استاد دی چھتر چھانویں تریموں ہیڈ ضلع جھنگ دی یاترا کیتی۔ ایس توں پچھوں چھیویں جماعت وچ مڑ استاداں نال چنیوٹ شہر (شاہی مسیت تے احمد ھیات دا محل) تے دریا ویکھن دا موقع ملیا۔ میں اکلا نویں جماعت وچ ساں جدوں اپنے جماعتی خالد محمود (اوہدوں اوہناں دیاں چھ بساں کوہستان کمپنی وچ چل دیاں سن)نال پنڈی یاترا لئی گیا۔ ایس یاترا وچ راول پنڈی ،اسلام آباد توں وکھ ٹیکسلا، حسن ابدال، واہ کینٹ تے مری گھمن دا موقع ملیا جس دا مینوں رج کے آنند آیا۔ ایس توں مگروں اک لما ٹور اوہدوں ہویا جدوں اپنے نکے ویر محمود احمد نوں ٹی بی دے روگ وجھوں ڈاڈر سے آرمی سینی ٹوریم وچ بھرتی کروایاتے انج مینوں مانسہرہ، شنکیاری تے شاراں وادی نوں بہوں اندر جا کے ویکھن دا موقع ملیا۔ تن مہینے ایس وادی وچ رہن مگروں ہر سال دو وار ویر دے چیک اپ لئی جناح روڈ ایبٹ آباد ڈاکٹر تاج محمد دے کلینک جانا ہوندا سی۔ جے کر ڈاکٹر صاحب نے ویر نوں اپنے کلینک گھٹ ہسپتال وچ کجھ دیہاڑیاں لئی بھرتی کر لیناں تاں...

میڈیکل ٹیسٹ سے گواہی کی شرعی حیثیت: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

No society is safe from crimes hence with the passage of time, crimes amplify along with alteration in its nature. As the approaches of investigation and finding the crime develop, the ratio of crimes also increases and the casualties occur with new devices and techniques. On the other hand individual and collective endeavors are being made to stop it. The concerned authorities try to finish or decrease these crimes by formulating various new rules. The rules that the Creator and the real Owner of the whole world had bestowed upon us in the form of Islam, it includes the right and basic techniques to control the crimes. As the modern technology has facilitated us with many facilities, it has also facilitated us in finding a culprit or proofs against him that helps in the stoppage of crimes and finding the criminals. As this modern technology has brought a great reduction in the casualties and crimes, on the other hand we have also to face some legal and Islamic issues. One of these issues is the case of medical test for witness that whether the test of clinical laboratory can be accepted as witness

Neurochemical & Behavioral Effects of Non Steroidal Antinflammatory Drugs Nsaids in Animal Model of Learned Helplessness.

Stress and inflammation are mutually linked processes that encompass many pathological conditions. Inflammation is a body‟s defensive mechanism which is activated in response to tissue injury or infection with the release of inflammatory mediators. Studies on animal models provide useful information regarding psychological and physiological affliction leading to modifications in behavioral, biochemical and neurochemical changes. Stressful events in life often precipitate depressive behaviors, dysfunction metabolic pathways and triggers metabolic syndromes. Stress also encourage generation of oxidative species and reduced activities of endogenous enzyme system, prompts neuronal damages and concomitant development of neurodegenerative diseases. Similarly changes in the neurotransmission system more specifically serotonergic and dopaminergic system have implications on variety of functions ranging from impaired motor coordination, memory deficits, aggression and anhedonia.The present work highlighted effects of stress responses in modulating inflammation when rats were subjected to different psychological and physical stress paradigms such as 2h restraint stress, repeated restraint (2h/day for 5 days) stress and dissimilar stress. Antiinflammatory approaches by the use of non selective NSAIDs (indomethacin and diclofenac sodium) were used to identify possible mechanism of actions of these drugs in the reduction of stress induced inflammatory responses and treatment of stress associated neurological disorders in animal models of stress. Important findings of the thesis are as per the following: 1. The primary finding of present study revealed that repeated administration of indomethacin and diclofenac sodium improved behavioral functions in rats suggesting neuromodulatory effects of NSAIDs on central nervous system. 2. Exposure to 2h restraint stress causes behavioral deficits in the form of reduced exploratory activity, anxiogenic and depressive behaviors in rats. Whereas, augmented memory functions were observed after 2h restraint stress. Pretreatment xxiv with indomethacin and diclofenac sodium was found to normalized 2h restraint stress related alterations in rats when compared with unrestrained rats. 3. Following repeated restraint (2h/day for 5 days) stress both adaptive and maladaptive changes were observed in rats. The adaptive responses as observed on exploratory activity and anxiety states were comparable in restrained rats as compared to unrestrained rats. However, the maladaptive outcomes due to repeated restraint stress were observed in the form of depressive behaviors and decline in memory functions. Indomethacin and diclofenac sodium improved behaviors in rats exposed to repeated restraint stress. 4. Rats exposed to dissimilar stress showed marked behavioral deficits. Continuous exposure to a variety of stressors also served as a model of depression in animals. Indomethacin and diclofenac sodium showed improvement in behaviors. This suggests the role of NSAIDs as a potential therapeutic agent against a variety of neurological disorders. 5. An episode of 2h restraint stress, repeated restraint (2h/day for 5 days) stress and dissimilar stress showed alterations in corticosterone, glucose and cholesterol levels. Our results indicate that these biochemical changes were successfully attenuated by the administration of indomethacin and diclofenac sodium. 6. The study was further aimed to investigate the effect of 2h restraint, repeated restraint (2h/day for 5 days) and dissimilar stress exposure on the oxidative status and also on the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD,CAT and GPx) in rat‟s brain. Both indomethacin and diclofenac sodium decreased lipid peroxidation and enhanced functions of endogenous antioxidant enzymes system. This suggests antioxidant properties of these drugs against a variety of stressors. 7. In present study acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity on exposure to 2h restraint stress, repeated restraint (2h/day for 5 days) stress and dissimilar stress showed changes in cholinergic functions in rats. Indomethacin and diclofenac sodium was xxv found to inhibit activity of AChE enzyme similar to those of AChE inhibitors and hence improved memory functions of rats in stress conditions. 8. The study also revealed effect of 2h restraint stress, repeated restraint (2h/day for 5 days) stress and dissimilar stress situations on neurotransmitters levels in rats. Variable results were observed such as increased or decreased serotonergic or dopaminergic activities on exposure to various stress situations. The changes in neurotransmitters also reflected impairments in behavioral activities in rats. Indomethacin and diclofenac sodium was found to normalize the disturbed activities of neurotransmitters in rats. The study tends to suggest that non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs might be used for several stress related pathological features of the central nervous system (CNS). As these drugs have an overall positive outcomes as observed in present thesis by improving the general behaviors, reducing oxidative stress and increasing the levels of serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitters in brain and could be effective to prevent neurological changes accompanied with stress.
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