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حالاتِ عرب

دیکھا، پڑھا، سُنا تھا کسی نے عرب کا حال
جس جا قبیح رسموں کا پھیلا ہُوا تھا جال
سچ کا تو سانس لینا تلک تھا وہاں محال
حق بات کیا ہے کس کو تھا اس بات کا خیال
دختر کشی، عناد و تفاخر کا راج تھا
طاقت نمائی، سود و زنا کا رواج تھا

اُس وقت کب کسی پہ عدالت کے سائے تھے
انصاف و عدل پر بھی علالت کے سائے تھے
جنگ و جدل کے اور ذلالت کے سائے تھے
اور علم پر بھی سارے جہالت کے سائے تھے
درگور زندہ بچیّاں کرتے تھے جبر سے
خوفِ خدا تھا اور نہ ڈرتے تھے قبر سے

آشوب ناک دور تھا ایسا کہ کیا کہیں
انسانیت کو اس طرح روندا کہ کیا کہیں
شیرازۂ حیات بکھیرا کہ کیا کہیں
چشمِ فلک نے اس طرح دیکھا کہ کیا کہیں
حُسنِ عمل کی اور مکمل شعور کی
اُس دور کو اشد تھی ضرورت حضورؐ کی

Adultery, the Ground for Dissolution of Christian Marriage in Pakistan: Intersectional Constraint to Christian Women in Pakistan

Divorce from a distressful and unhappy marital alliance implies emancipation from perpetual pain, abuse, agony and violence but the social stigma attached to a divorced woman casts its shadow for life in the patriarchal and paternalistic socio-cultural settings in Pakistan. Seeking a judicial redress for dissolution of marriage is a legal right that needs to be available equally to both men and women. However, Christian married couples who apply for a divorce, are left with no options except to invoke the charge of adultery under Christian Divorce Act 1869. Proving adultery as a ground for dissolution of marriage stands as an impediment entailing character assassination of the accused and narrows the application of divorce on other grounds, such as domestic violence, abandonment by husbands and cruelty. The clergy representing Christian community fully supports the ground of adultery for dissolution of Christian marriage and vehemently opposes any position that calls for inclusion of nofault divorce. _________

Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of House Sparrow Passer Domesticus Using Microsatellite Markers from Selected Sites in Punjab Pakistan.

Patterns of genetic and phenotypic variations are being of critical importance for the sustainability of the population and the persistence of the species. Genetic diversity correlates with the abundance and size of populations therefore has great ecological significance. As so far, it is not studied in Pakistan, this work was aimed at determining the genetic diversity and population structure for house sparrow across the selected habitats and to document its morphological characteristics. The total number house sparrow captured was 229 from two districts of Punjab (Faisalabad and Rawalpindi) studied for morphological measurements. While the blood samples was able to collect from 193 samples of these. Morphometric data analysis of house sparrow as influenced by site, sub-site and sex of the birds for nice characters ( viz., body weight, wing span, tail length, wing length, wing span and tail length ) revealed significant results. Microsatellite markers (16) were used to determine the genetic relationship among two populations of house sparrow captured from two habitats. The mean observed number of alleles (Na) ranged from 2.81-4.10 (sub-site III for Rawalpindi population to sub-site III for Faisalabad respectively). The Na per locus ranged from 2-8 indicated mean value of 6.75. The values of observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.38- 0.51 for sub-site I of Faisalabad to sub-site III of Rawalpindi correspondingly. The deviation from HW equilibrium was 75.78% calculated from locus population comparison. FST (variation due to differences among populations) and FIS (variation within a population) indicated the relative utility of each marker for variations among populations based of allele frequency differences. All loci contributed significantly to the overall differentiation among populations across the sub-habitats of two major habitats (Faisalabad and Rawalpindi). The phylogenetic relation of populations was determined from Nei’s standard genetic distances (Ds) using MEGA software. UPGMA (unweight pair group method for arithmetic means) was used to obtain the phylogenetic tree having two main clusters denoted by “a” and “b”. The topology of UPGMA tree approved well to the history and geographic distribution of house sparrow populations with few atypical results. These results suggested that on small scale the ecological factors have strong influence on morphological and genetic variations as well as on the size of the population. Generally the fragmented environment can cause fine scale patterns of genetic diversity which helps to ascertain factors restraining population size and regulate conservation potential.
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