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آگ

آگ

                ’’آگ‘‘عزیز احمد کا مشہور ناول ہے۔اگر ہم تاریخ کا مطالعہ کریں تو ہمیں معلوم ہوگا کہ آج تک کشمیر کے بارے میں جن دو ناولوں میں لکھا گیا ہے ان میں ایک تو کرشن چندر کا’’شکست ‘‘ہے اور دوسرا’’آگ‘‘ہے۔ ان ناولوں میں کشمیر کے رہنے والوں کی سماجی پس ماندگی ، غربت ،افلاس اور استحصال کو مستقل بحث بنایا گیا ہے۔دونوں کا اندازہ الگ ضرور ہے مگر مقصد ایک ہی ہے۔یعنی بنیادی موضوع کشمیر کی سماجی وسیاسی صورت حال ہے وہاں رہنے والے لوگوں کی اونچ نیچ ہندوانہ سماج میں ذات پات کو لے کر سفاکانہ طریقہ کار پھر اس کا مرکزی کردار بھی عمل قوت سے محروم ہے۔

                اگر تاریخی مناظر میں دیکھا جائے تو کشمیر کی صورت حال کو شعوری طور پر سمجھنے کی کوشش جس میں کی گئی ہے۔وہ عزیز احمد کا ناول ’’آگ‘‘ہی ہے۔’’آگ‘‘کا موضوع خاص طور پر کشمیر میں لگی وہ آگ ہے جس نے سارے کشمیر کو اپنی لپیٹ میں لے لیا ہے۔عزیز احمد نے نہایت سلیقے سے ایک طرف تو انگریز سامراج کے خلاف کشمیر میں اور پورے ملک میں ہونے والی آزادی کی تحریکوں کو آگ کہاہے اور دوسری طرف ان کاریگروں کے استحصال کو آگ قرار دیا ہے جو قالین بافی کا کام کرتے ہیں۔ناول کی سب سے بڑی خاصیت ہی یہی ہے کہ اس کا حقیقی زندگی سے بہت گہرا تعلق ہے۔عزیز احمد لکھتے ہیں:

’’ایک طرف پرا پنجال اور دوسری جانب قراقرم ،بیچ میں ریڑھ کی ہڈی کی طرح کوہ ہمالیہ سب سے اونچا سلسلہ۔ان پہاڑوں نے کشمیر کی ہری وادی لداخ اور بلتستان کے لق ودق کہساروں کو بال بال بچا لیااور دس بارہ سال تک شمال اور جنوب کی آگ وہاں تک نہیں پہنچ سکی۔‘‘(14)

خیبر پختونخوا کے علماء کی تحریر کردہ شروح صحیح بخاری کا تعارفی مطالعہ

Shah Waliullah pioneered the promulgation and publication of Ḥadtih in the Subcontinent. His immediate students and avid readers owned this sacred responsibility and brought forth this beacon of Ḥadtih in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, posthumously. In the said region, not only a meticulous research has been conducted on assorted genres of Ḥadtih but also a profound work has been executed on its treatise. Especially, “The Ṣaḥiḥ Bukhari” has remained the focus for research and analysis. Besides, in madaris of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, different sermons and oral disquisitions of the noteworthy religious scholars and Ḥadtih experts (specifically “Ṣaḥiḥ Bukhari”) have been recorded and published in several books and booklets. In this respect, the researcher has uncovered twenty seven published and non-published treatises. In this dissertation, the work of the eminent Ḥadtih scholars is collated, vetted and analyzed, while this introductory analysis is about the Ḥadtih books published particularly during the period ء1901 to ء2015. This research study will be helpful in realizing the arduous efforts and valuable services rendered by the experts in the field of Ḥadtih.

An Exploratory Study of Grade 10 Students Perspectives on Making Learning of Biology Effective

This study aimed to explore Grade 10 students' perspectives concerning the biology topics that they find the most difficult to learn, the reasons of experiencing difficulties in learning biology, and ways to overcome the difficulties. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A survey tool difficulties and effectiveness in Learning Biology questionnaire (DELBQ) was adapted from the literature which has already been used in other context in a similar study (Cimer, 2012). 132 Grade 10 students participated in the cross-sectional survey including girls (n=86; 65%) and boys (n=46; 35%). The sample was recruited from 10 public schools of district Hunza. DELBQ was directly administered to all participants. The results showed that students have identified five concepts of biology - genetic engineering (37%), cell division (31%), Mendel principles and application (28%), defense and immunity (23%) and matter cycle (17%) - as the most difficult concepts to learn. The students proposed multiple reasons to learning hindrances which include: the nature of the topic, teachers' teaching method, students' learning techniques, students' attitudes towards the topics and deficiency of resources and time. Prominently, of five the themes 'the nature of the topic' was found to be the most repeatedly cited reason (99) for difficulty in learning biology. Students have not only identified these hindering factors of learning they have talked about viable suggestions to improve learning of the subject such as reducing the subject content; using visual aids in teaching ; teaching through experiments; students using various study techniques; making biology teaching interesting and effective; and, teaching biology by connecting the topics with daily life. Interestingly, a majority of responses (99) highlighted 'the nature of topic' as one of the primary reasons for making biology learning difficult; however, the suggestions to enhance learning were predominantly related to either 'students' own learning habits' (148) or 'teachers' teaching style' (127). The study provides an insight into 'students' voices' not only in identifying the 'difficult areas in Biology' but highlighting perspectives in explaining the 'reasons for difficulties in learning these concepts' and potential strategies to improve learning. The results could be useful for practitioners and policy-makers in enhancing curriculum and classroom practices to make this fundamentally important subject interesting for students. The tool adapted for the study is a valuable addition to the indigenous literature which can be used by the other researchers in the field to conduct large scale studies.
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