Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

تقلیدِ مصطفیٰ ؐ میں اگر سر نہیں گیا


تقلیدِ مُصطفیٰؐ میں اگر سر نہیں گیا
سجدہ اجابتوں کے سفر پر نہیں گیا

اُس کو رہِ حیات میں منزل نہ مل سکی
جو راہِ مصطفی سے گزر کر نہیں گیا

جیسے خدائے پاک کا ثانی کہیں نہیں
نبیوںؑ میں کوئی تیرےؐ برابر نہیں گیا

محشر کے روز بجھ نہ سکی اُس کی تشنگی
لے کر جو پیاس جانبِ کوثر نہیں گیا

تنہا گئے ہیں صاحبِ معراجؐ سوئے عرش
جبریلؑ کا جہاں پر شہپر نہیں گیا

مجھ کو عطا وہؐ کرتے گئے آرزوئے شوق
جب تک کہ میرا کاسۂ دل بھر نہیں گیا

عرفانؔ! جس کو مل گئی خیرالوریٰؐ سے خیر
وہ بھیک مانگنے کبھی در در نہیں گیا

Arbitration: Legislation, Scope, and Functioning in Pakistani Legal System a Pragmatic Approach in Law and Sharī‘ah

This study investigates the case of arbitration in the modern states in general and in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in particular, as a self-binding, amicable mode of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). It starts with arbitration’s meaning, history and evolutional background and discusses them as preliminaries and entrance to the main topic. The study debates Pakistani legislation on the subject, with special focus on the Arbitration Act, 1940. It examines the functioning of arbitration in Pakistani legal system, detects the flaws and areas of improvement therein, and most significantly, suggests proposals for required amendments in the relevant laws. In this connection, the equivocal nature of ADR provisions in some statutes other than Arbitration Act, has been specially highlighted.  As per requirement of the Article 2(A) of the Constitution 1973, some inconsistencies of the laws on the subject with Sharī‘ah have also been traced. The issue of qualifications of arbitrators (hakams) has been detected as the main subject of inconsistency between law and Sharī‘ah, resulting in substantial and effective bearings. A similar inconsistency, comparatively with a lesser effect, has been noted in arbitration of family disputes regarding fixation of number of arbitrators and the hail from families of the disputing spouses. While investigating all these issues, an analytical-cum comparative strategy has been followed. The conclusion contains a concise brief on comparison between Sharī‘ah and law on the subject and a package of proposed amendments in the gray areas.

Evolutionary Taxonomy for Unstructured Textual Data

Taxonomy is an effective means of organizing, managing and accessing large amounts of data. Data these days is however, changing at a rapid pace. Taxonomy represents theme inherent in data. Taxonomy needs to be evolved to reflect changes occurring in data, otherwise, it maynot represent the theme of the underlying data accurately. Existing taxonomy generation techniques pay less attention to the changing nature of data. Evolution of taxonomy for changing data can be handled either non-incrementally or incrementally. Non-incremental taxonomy evolution process reruns the whole taxonomy generation process from scratch and replaces the existing taxonomy with a new one. Majority of the existing taxonomy generation techniques are handling the evolution of taxonomy non-incrementally. Incremental taxonomy evolution, on the other hand, tries to accommodate changes occurring in data on the existing taxonomy without rerunning the whole taxonomy generation process from scratch. The generation from scratch can make the nonincremental taxonomy evolution a time inefficient and computationally expensive choice as compared to incremental evolution. However, a limited number of existing techniques have focused on the incremental evolution of taxonomy.This work proposes a novel Taxonomy Incremental Evolution (TIE) technique that can evolve an existing taxonomy by incrementally updating it whenever new documents are added in data. The TIE technique relies on a clustering-based taxonomy generation technique for the generation of initial taxonomy and then evolves the existing taxonomy afterward whenever changes in underlying data occur. However, it does not depend on any specific clustering technique.When new documents arrive, the TIE technique first identifies the closest cluster for each of the new documents to get adjusted in. It then checks the impact on cluster quality for the possible adjustment of new documents. In case the cluster quality does not deteriorate, new documents get simply merged in the cluster. However, in the case of quality deterioration, the impact of new documents on the cluster quality is identified by manipulating range of closeness of documents with the cluster. Based on the range of closeness of new documents, restructuring of the existing clusters is performed to adjust new documents, ultimately resulting in an evolved taxonomy. The TIE technique was compared with different non-incremental and incremental taxonomy evolution techniques based on time and quality parameters. Since the focus of this work is on unstructured textual data, so a text dataset of scholarly articles from the computing domain was selected for evaluation. The time-based evaluation clearly shows that the TIE technique takes comparatively less time to achieve evolution of taxonomy. The quality-based evaluation compares the lexical and hierarchical quality of the evolved taxonomy with the reference taxonomy. It was found that the lexical quality of TIE is overall better in comparison to both the non-incremental and incremental counterparts. However, hierarchical quality of the taxonomy evolved using TIE is lower especially in comparison to non-incremental taxonomy evolution techniques. The significance of the obtained results was also analyzed statistically using the t-test. The outcome of the t-test also supports the observations related to time and quality-based evaluation of TIE. Moreover, time and quality metrics were combined in a single metric of quality-time ratio to get an overall idea of the performance. It was found that the rate of improvement in taxonomy quality per unit time is the most in case of TIE as compared to other techniques. However, the qualitytime ratio also shows performance deterioration of TIE with the increasing size of the dataset. This aspect was then further investigated through sensitivity analysis. The result of the sensitivity analysis shows that the TIE technique is performing better when the arrival of new data is in small chunk. Thus, the scalability aspect of the TIE technique can be improved in future.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.