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رام بابو سکسینہ

رام بابو سکینہ
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ اردو زبان کے مشہور محسن اور نامور مصنف رام بابو سکسینہ بھی ہم سے جدا ہوگئے۔ ابھی گزشتہ ہی مہینہ ۹؍ دسمبر کو ان سے ہندوستانی اکیڈمی کے جلسہ میں ملاقات ہوئی تھی، کیا معلوم تھا کہ یہ آخری ملاقات ہے، ان کو اردو زبان کی خدمت سے عشق تھا اور اس کو انھوں نے زندگی کا مشغلہ بنالیا تھا اور اردو زبان و ادب کی تاریخ پر بڑی قابل قدر کتابیں لکھیں۔ ان میں تاریخ ادب اردو بہت مشہور اور اس موضوع پر پہلی جامع و محققانہ کتاب ہے، اب اردو کے مختلف پہلوؤں پر بہت سی کتابیں لکھی جاچکی ہیں، مگر اس کتاب کی اولیت اپنی جگہ پر قائم ہے، اردو کے یورپین شعراء کا ایک ضخیم اور محققانہ تذکرہ بھی عرصہ ہوا لکھا تھا، ابھی تھوڑے ہی دن ہوئے قدیم شعراء کا ایک مرقع اور میر کی مثنویاں بخط میر شائع کی تھیں، ان کے علاوہ ان کی اور تصانیف بھی ہیں، جو ابھی شائع نہیں ہوسکی ہیں، اردو کی ایسی خدمت کی مثالیں اس دور میں کم ملیں گی، ابھی ہندوستانی اکیڈمی کے جلسہ میں جہاں پورا ماحول اردو کا مخالف تھا۔ اس کی صریح حمایت میں تنہا ان ہی کی آواز بلند ہوئی تھی، ہندوستان کی موجودہ فضا کو دیکھتے ہوئے ہندوؤں میں آئندہ اردو کے ایسے شیدائی پیدا ہونے کی امید کم ہے۔
یادگار زمانہ تھے یہ لوگ
سن رکھو تم فسانہ تھے یہ لوگ
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی،جنوری ۱۹۵۸ء)

 

Maulᾱna Waḥῑduddῑn Khᾱn’s Views on Relation Between Islam and Secularism

The article explores views of Maulᾱna Waḥῑduddῑn Khᾱn on relation between Islam and secularism as there is no specification of his thoughts on the above issue as critics and other scholars tend to show confusion when they approach Khᾱn’s thoughts from that specific angle. Maulᾱna Waḥῑduddῑn Khᾱn is an Indian religious scholar and peace activist who is alive and known for his modern, cosmopolitan and peaceful thoughts. In this article the scattered and disjointed views of Khᾱn on relation between Islam and secularism have been portrayed as to give context to his original views and show his actual stance which might remove the confusion prevalent amongst intellectuals and scholars as to spot Khᾱn’s basic stance on the above issue. The definition and different experiences of secularism has been shortly described along with projection of diversity of stance from other Muslim scholars as to broaden the very background of the issue. Later the views of Khᾱn and his approach to the issue have been presented. The article will throw light that how Khᾱn perceives the issue of relation between Islam and secularism and what is the point of convergence and divergence between Islam and secularism. This article will also highlight that whether he deals the topic on the basis of creed or philosophy or pragmatism and that whether he takes secularism as beneficial or damaging to the interest of Muslims and Islam. The article also shed light on the scheme of Khᾱn that how Muslim should deal with the phenomenon of secularism.

Exogenous Shocks and the Process of Organisational Sensemaking: the Case of Punjab Irrigation Department, Pakistan

Exogenous shocks have been studied in organization studies literature to investigate specific events that trigger sensemaking in organizations. The focus of majority of this research is how these triggers create discontinuity in the organizational routines and how actors make sense of these events to restore order. However, this narrow focus ignores the impact of multiple intensities of exogenous shocks that trigger sensemaking across different levels in an organization and the key role of enactment in organizational transformation and changes in internal organizational control. To address these theoretical gaps, this dissertation focuses on a large public-sector organization – Punjab Irrigation Department (PID), Pakistan – to empirically investigate the impact of multiple exogenous shocks of different magnitudes that triggered a process of sensemaking resulting in the organizational transformation with changes in internal organizational control. More specifically, this dissertation explores research questions related to distributed sensemaking across different hierarchical levels, enactment of sensemaking of various groups of actors, systematic differences in sensemaking across these groups of actors and the power asymmetries within these groups through an interpretive research methodology. The research design consisted of three cases of exogenous shocks that were witnessed by the PID in the last two decades. For the first case, i.e. the 2010 flood, I conducted a pilot study for six months of the flood affected districts in the province of Punjab. It was supplemented by in depth interviews with officials from PID during the main study. The second case consisted of institutional reforms in PID for which I conducted a longitudinal study to understand how reforms have evolved over a period of last twenty years. The last case consisted of inclusion of external stakeholders in the maintenance and repair works in iii PID. I conducted interviews with PID staff and the external stakeholders to understand their role in the organizational transformation. I coded all the data of interviews in MAXQDA to conduct qualitative thematic content analysis. I then analyzed the main themes from the data using multiple theoretical perspectives to develop my findings. My analysis shows the enactment of sensemaking of these exogenous shocks varied across different hierarchical levels in the PID. Actors at different hierarchical levels used the ambiguity and uncertainty of the situations to enhance their sphere of control in the organization. The role of identity and systemic powers by virtue of their designation played a key role in the strategic action they engaged in to enact changes in the organizational routines. In doing so, this dissertation contributes to the institutional change/transformation research in the field of organization studies by providing in-depth context-specific analysis of enacted sensemaking in a large public-sector organization. Moreover, this research also adds valuable insights about how power asymmetries in organizations impact the process of institutional maintenance and change.
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