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یونس فریدی کی غزل گوئی

یونس فریدی کی غزل گوئی
اردو کے شعری منظر نامے پر نظر دوڑائی جائے تو معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ دیگر تمام اصناف ادب اپنی جگہ اہم ہیں مگر غزل کی اہمیت وافادیت مسلمہ ہے۔ یہی وجہ ہے غزل کو مقبول ترین صنف کا درجہ حاصل ہے۔ رفیع الدین ہاشمی غزل کی تعریف ان الفاظ میں کر تے ہیں:
’’غزل کے لغوی معنی عورتوں یا عورتوں کے متعلق گفتگو کرنا ہیں۔ ہرن کے منہ سے بوقت خوف جو درد ناک چیخ نکلتی ہے اسے بھی غزل کہتے ہیں۔ اس نسبت سے غزل وہ صنف شعر ہے جس میں حسن وعشق کی مختلف کیفیات کا بیان ہو اور اس میں دردوسوز بہت نمایاں ہوــ‘‘۔(۱)
اردو کی کئی شعری و نثری اصناف مغربی ادب سے ماخوذ ہیں۔ لیکن غزل اردو کی وہ صنف سخن ہے جو خالصتاً برصسغیر میں پروان چڑھی اور جس نے فارسی غزل سے استفادہ کیا۔ دیگر شعری اصناف کی طرح غزل کسی تسلسل کی محتاج نہیں بلکہ اس کا ہر شعر علیحد ہ مفہوم لئے ہوتا ہے اور ایک شعر دوسرے شعر سے مختلف مضمون بیان کر رہا ہوتا ہے۔ ایک غزل ایک ہی بحر میں کہی جاتی ہے اور غزل کے لئے مطلع کا ہونا بھی لازمی قرار دیا گیا ہے۔ اولین دور میں غزل کے اشعار کی تعداد کوتوملحوظِ خاطر رکھا جا تا تھا۔لیکن اب جد ید شعری روایات میں غزل کے اشعار کم یا زیادہ لکھنے کی قید یا پابندی نہیں۔ غزل کا پہلا شعر مطلع کہلا تا ہے۔ جبکہ آخری شعر جس میں شاعر اپنا تخلص استعمال کرتا ہے اسے مقطع کہتے ہیں۔ غزل کسی خاص یا مخصوص خیالات و مضامین کے حامل اشعار کی قید میں نہیں ہوتی بلکہ حسن وعشق ، دردو غم ،ہجر و وصال کے علاوہ مذہبی، سیاسی، سماجی اور فلسفے پرمبنی خیالات بھی اپنے اندر...

Arrhythmias after Implantation of the Left Ventricular Assisted Device Arrhythmias after Implantation of the Left Ventricular Assisted Device

Cardiac arrhythmias has been frequently reported after left ventricular assist devices implantation but currently literature shows no sufficient information on cardiac arrhythmias. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and other features of ventricular and supra ventricular ectopic beats ((SVEB), atrial fibrillation (AF)/flutter (AFL) post device implantation. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in Department of Cardiac-Surgery, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy from June 2014-September 2016. Rhythm monitoring and registration were collected from 16 patients (13 males; 45±13years) during the first five (05) days after implantation. To assess late post-operative rhythm, patient’s hospital electronic records were used as well asfunctional hemodynamic parameters including mean arterial pressure(MAP), right atrial pressure(RAP), heart rate(HR) and ST-deviation(d-ST). Results: Ventricular arrhythmia (n=9), atrial fibrillation (n=5) or atrial flutter (n=2) episodes were preoperatively present in 11 patients. Postoperatively, 5 patients developed either VT (n=2), AF (n=1) or both VT/AF (n=2) during a follow-up of 18±14 months. Prior to postoperative VT (POVT) episodes (n=123), MAP decreased, HR, d-ST increased and RAP remained unaltered. POVT were initiated either by single VEBS (28%), V-couplets (15%), V-run (46%) or occurred suddenly (11%). Conclusions: Ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias are common after device implantation. The frequency of sustained VTA was less at early phase as compared to late postoperative phase.

Identification of Il 28B Genetic Variations Associated With Virological Response of Interferon Therapy in Chronic Hcv Infected Patients

Among viral hepatitis, HCV is the second leading cause of hepatitis with approximately 3% carriers worldwide and 8-10 % carriers among Pakistani population. In the absence of any approved vaccine against HCV, the pegylated- interferon-alpha in combination with Ribavirin is the only standard regimen. The goal of this treatment is viral eradication to achieve sustained viral response (SVR) which means to decrease the viral titer to undetectable levels after treatment completion. However, the success rate is not hundred percent for this treatment (40- 50% for HCV genotype 1/ 4 and 75-80% for HCV genotype 2/3). Beside this fact, this treatment has several side effects that require either treatment modification or withdrawal. The present study was designed to find out the association of viral and host factors with the response of interferon treatment in chronic HCV patients of Pakistan. Two hundred CHC treatment-naïve patients from June 2011 to June 2013 were enrolled and treated with combination therapy of interferon plus ribavirin. Treatment response was analyzed by quantifying viral titer at specific interval of times during the treatment course and 6 months after treatment completion. Response rate was as followed; 81.1% patients attained Sustained virologic Response (SVR), 11.7% patients did not respond and in 7.2% patients’ virus was relapsed. It was observed that HCV genotype 3a is the most prevalent genotype followed by 1a while prevalence of mixed genotype is the least in Pakistan. Moreover, the success rate of treatment is higher in patients infected with HCV genotype 3a as compared to HCV genotype 1a. Quantification of viral load at 3rd month of treatment is valuable determinant of SVR and also helpful in tailoring the individualize treatment. As the SVR rate (93.3%) is higher in patients who achieved early viral response (EVR) as compared to those who failed to attain EVR (6.7%). It was observed that the success rate in female patients is more than male patients while rate of non-response is more in male patients than female. While no association of SVR with body mass index and age of patient was analyzed. Human genetic variations of IL28B SNPs (rs12979860, rs12980275, rs8099917, rs1181222) was identified and find out that the patients with CC genotype of SNP rs12979860 of IL28B are more likely to cure than patients with CT/TT genotype of SNP rs12979860. While the rate of NVR and relapse is higher in patients having GG genotype of SNP rs8099917. The results of multivariate logistic regression showed significant association of following factors with SVR; female gender (OR; 5.99, 95% C.I; 1.26-28.51, p= 0.024), HCV genotype 3a (OR; 9.33, 95% C.I; 1.94-44.95, p=0.005), 12 week response EVR (OR; 14.83, 95% C.I; 2.87-76.7, p=0.001) and CC genotype of SNP rs12979860 (OR; 6.39, 95% C.I; 1.18-34.7, p=0.032).
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