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پروانے جل اٹھے

پروانے جل اٹھے

5جولائی 1977ء یوم سیاہ

جب چئیر مین ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کے پروانے جل اٹھے تھے۔ ہے کوئی جو اپنے لیڈر کے لیے خود پر تیل چھڑک کر آ گ لگا لے ۔تقریباََ سات کارکنوں نے اپنی جانیں ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید پر قربان کیں چئیر مینذوالفقار علی بھٹو نے سپریم کورٹ میں کھڑے ہو کر کہ کوئی کسی کے لیے اپنی انگلی کو نہیں جلا سکتا میرے جان نثاروں نے اپنی جانیں قربان کر دیں ۔

جب پروانے جل اٹھے تھے۔ یہ قبریں پنجاب اور ایک تصویر آزاد کشمیر کے ان پروانوں کی ہیں جو اپنے قائد کو پھا نسی چڑھتا ہوا نہیں دیکھ سکتے تھے اور خود پر تیل چھڑک کر خود سوزی کر کے اپنے قائد چئیر مین ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید پر قربان ہو گئے ۔پہلی قبر گوجرانوالہ کے وحید قریشی کی دوسری تیسری فیصل آ باد کے رشید عاجز اور یعقوب پرویز کھوکھر ،چوتھی تصویر آزاد کشمیر کے خود سوزی کر نے والے عزیز ملک کی ہے ۔

 

انسانی زندگی میں جنات کے اثرات

Among different creations of Allāh, Jinnāt have their own independent existence. By essence, they neither belong to the human race nor to the angelic world. One commonality between Jinnāt and human beings is that they both are provided with consciousness and can practice their own free-will in terms of choosing what is right and what is wrong, while angles are deprived of this ability. Jinnāt are mentioned in numerous places in the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth of the Prophet SAW, so much so that it would be unreasonable to deny their existence. Henceforth, the scholars from every period of time have acknowledged their existence and it wouldn’t be wrong to claim that they all share almost similar views on them. Likewise, every Muslim group acknowledged their existence with the exception of Jahmīyah and Mu‘tazilah. As far as Jews and Christians are concerned, they too like Muslims believe in the existence of Jinnāt. To summarize, it is proven by means of multiplicity (Tawātur) of report from all the Prophets and Messengers and therefore, every follower of the heavenly religion has some sort of belief in the existence of Jinnāt. As far as their influence on the human beings is concerned, there are three major views prevailing among Muslims.  There are those who completely deny their existence and therefore, do not in anyway acknowledge their influence on human life. Then there are those who do believe in their existence but are of the opinion that they remain aloof from human beings and therefore, have no influence on the human life. The third opinion which is the opinion of the majority of the scholars is that not only Jinnāt exist but they have the power to influence and affect human beings as well. In this treatise, the opinion of the proponents of the third view is analyzed and their evidences from Qur’ān and Sunnah are discussed.

Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Croton Bonplandianum Euphorbiaceae

The research work was carried out for the phytochemical and biological studies of Croton bonplandianum (Euphorbiaceae). Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids while anthraquinone glycosides and cardiac glycosides were absent. The extraction of dried plant material was affected by dichloromethane and methanol successively. Both dichloromethane and methanol extracts were subjected to biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, α-chymotrypsin inhibitory, urease inhibitory, α-glucosidase inhibitory and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities along with brine-shrimp toxicity, phytotoxicity against Lemna minor. Dichloromethane extract has shown in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 97.89 % with IC50 value of 14.93 μg/ml compared to the standard acarbose, which exhibited 92.23 % inhibition with IC50 value of 38.25 μg/ml. Methanol extract appeared with potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of 84.14 % with IC50 found to be 31.01 μg/ml compared to the standard eserine, which exhibited 82.82 % inhibition with IC50 value of 30.01 μg/ml. Methanol extract was found toxic with LD50 value of 115.76 (0.0048 - 13.76) μg/ml against Artemia salina and also showed radical scavenging activity (%RSA) of 59.62% with IC50 value of 396.20 μg/ml . Based on these results activity guided isolation of constituents from dichloromethane and methanol extracts were done. Fractionation of dichloromethane extract by column chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH 20 using different mobile phase systems led to the purification of compounds (A-I). The structures of these isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic technique such as UV and IR spectroscopy. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), 13C NMR and Mass spectrophotometry (EIMS, HRMS) were used for elucidation of structure. On the basis of physical and spectral data from literature, these compounds were identified as n-pentacosanyln- nonadeca-7′-en-9′-α-ol-1′-oate (A), n-tridecanyl n-octadec-9,12-dienoate (B), nonacosyl hexadecanoate (C), heptacosanoic acid (D), 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-hexadecanoylamino-(6e,9e)- heptacosdiene (E), coumarin (F), betulin (G), stigmasterol (H), and 3,5-dimethoxy 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (I) were isolated. All these compounds were screened for in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, compound F, G and I possessed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner and explained more potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 23.0 to 26.7 μg/ml than that of a positive control acarbose (IC50, 38.2 6 μg/ml). Fractionation of methanol extract by column chromatography on silica gel using different mobile phase system afforded five compounds (J-N). Based on spectral data the chemical structure has been established as 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid (J), 5,8- dihydroxycoumarin (K), stigmasterol 3-O- β -D-glucoside (L), sparsifol (M) and 6-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl- β-D-(1-O-sinapoyl,6''-O-sinapoyl)-glucopyranose (N) were isolated from methanol extract of Croton bonplandianum. The compounds J, K, L and N exhibited significant butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 21.0 to 36.0 μg/ml, than that of a positive control eserine (IC50, 32.0 μg/ml).
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