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باب پنجم: پہاڑ وں کا مطالعہ

پتھریلی اور اونچی جگہ کے لئے پہاڑ کی اصطلاح مستعمل ہے۔ پہاڑ دراصل سنسکرت زبان کا لفظ ہے، اردو میں اس کے متبادل "کوہ، پربت اور جبل " مستعمل ہیں۔ پہاڑ دنیا میں زمین کی خشک سطح کا پانچواں حصہ ہیں۔ پہاڑ دنیا کی آبادی کے دسویں حصے کو گھر مہیا کرنے کا وسیلہ ہیں۔ دلچسپ امر یہ ہے کہ دنیا میں 80 فیصد پینے کا پانی انہی پہاڑوں میں سے نکلتا ہے۔

11 دسمبر کو پہاڑوں کا عالمی دن منا یا جاتا ہے۔ یہ عالمی دن منانے کا اصل مقصد یہ ہے کہ دنیا کو ماحولیاتی خطرات سے بچانا، قدرتی ماحول کو برقرار رکھنا، ماحولیاتی آلودگی سے بچاؤ اور پہاڑوں کے قدرتی حسن کو برقرار رکھنے کے لیے اقدامات کا شعور اجاگر کرنا ہے۔ پہاڑ عام طور پر پہاڑی سے بلند اور دشوار گزار ہوتا ہے، پہاڑوں کے مطالعہ کے علم کو "اوروگرافی" کہا جا تا ہے۔ دنیا کی دوسری بلندترین چوٹی 'کے۔ ٹو'پاکستان میں واقع ہے، جس کی بلندی 8611 میٹر ہے۔ دنیا کی 8000میٹر سے بلند چوٹیوں میں سے پانچ چوٹیاں پاکستان میں ہیں۔ دنیا کی نویں بلند ترین چوٹی نانگا پربت ہے، جس کی بلندی 8126 میٹر ہے۔

زمین کا توازن (Balance of Earth)

قرآن مجید میں بیشتر مقامات پر فرمایا گیا ہے کہ پہاڑ زمین کی مضبوطی کے لیے زمین میں میخوں کی طرح گاڑے گئے ہیں۔

قرآن پاک میں ہے:

"وَجَعَلْنَا فِي الْاَرْضِ رَوَاسِيَ اَنْ تَمِيْدَ بِهِمْ "[1]    

" اور ہم نے زمین میں پہاڑ جما دیے تاکہ وہ انہیں لے کر ڈھلک نہ جائے۔ "

زمین پر پہاڑوں کو نصب کرنے کا مقصد یہ ہے کہ زمین ڈھلکنے اور جھتکے لگنے سے...

کتب علوم الحدیث میں امثال فقہیہ پر اختلاف مسالک کے اثرات؛ ایک تحقیقی جائزہ The effects of differences of Masalik on the Jurisprudential proverbs stated in the books of hadith studies

The foundation of the Sharia is revelation, revelation is the name of two things, the Qur'an and the Sunnah, since both are related to the news, and to convey the news to others, narrators are needed, so for the propagation of the Qur'an and the Sunnah to future generations. It was necessary to have narrators, the narrators of the Holy Qur'an are called Qira, the narrators of the Sunnah are called Muhaddith, the traditions of the Holy Qur'an are called 'Qara'at' and the traditions of the Sunnah are called 'Ahadith'. Both the Qur'an and the Sunnah are revelations, but still there are some differences between them which are explained in detail in the Book of Principles. It was a difficult task, and the significant efforts made by the Muhadditheen in this regard were more famous and campaigned than the knowledge of al-Qaraat and recitation. He became famous with this, and some people even got the wrong impression that he had nothing to do with jurisprudence, and this wrong impression was reinforced by the behavior of the some Narrators. In reasoning and deriving from the Sunnah, there were many disorders and factors that gave birth to different schools of jurisprudence. For example, a hadith revealed to an imam or a jurist during reasoning has a hidden reason that is not revealed to anyone else. Therefore, there is a difference in argumentation. Similarly, sometimes the hadeeth is correct in a certain issue in front of a jurist, while on the other hand, it is weak in the opinion of another, which leads to diversity in argumentation. When the jurists differed in the derivation of the issues and rulings, in fact, these are cases of priority and non-priority, in which there is, however, scope that any position can be declared preferred based on arguments. Keywords:               Hadith, Muhaddithin, Jurisprudential Proverbs, School of Thoughts, Differences.

Studies on Synthesis of Some Copper Thiol Complexes and Their Interaction With Dna

Blue copper proteins promote a number of critical biological processes including electron transfer, controlled radical reactions, excretion of toxic substances, degradation processes, enzyme activation, toxic radical scavenging and formation of metabolic intermediates. The most important function of blue copper proteins is to transfer electrons through a highly co-ordinate covalent bond between Cu (II) and sulfur atom. The structure, properties and function of copper blue proteins can be obtained by building small molecular analogues. However, the synthesis of copper thiolate is challenging because of relative instability of thiolate group toward both electrophillic attack and oxidative damage. Copper thiolates shows a reaction of dimerization and auto-redox reactions and form disulfides. Making of copper thiolates, need a steric bulk, noncoordinating solvents and strictly avoiding of potentially coordinating counter ions. In this study we have prepared six copper (II) thiol complexes by using mechano-chemical reaction between copper (II) ion and thiol (-SH) functional group containing molecules lcysteine (LCS), n-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), glutathione reduced (GSH), d-penicillamine (PEN), mercaptosuccinic acid (MSH) and dl-dithiothreitol (DTT). Color change of thiol molecules after reaction with copper (II) ion indicates the complex formation. All thiol molecules changed into blue color except dl-dithiothreitol which is in parrot green color. Further, complex formation was verified through FT-IR, PXRD, thermal analysis, magnetic properties and DNA cleavage studies. FT-IR spectra shows thiol (-SH) stretch at 2545 cm-1 while it is missing in all copper (II) thiol complexes, indicating that thiol (- SH) group is deprotonated and coordinate as thiolate with copper (II) ion. Powder x-ray diffraction of thiol molecules show very sharp peaks that indicates thiol molecules are very crystalline in nature. After complex formation many peaks were disappeared and their intensity was decreased. The comparison of spectra indicates that crystalline form of thiol molecules changed into amorphous form. Thermal stability was determined by TGA, DTA and DSC. All complexes show thermal decomposition after 2000C, and pattern of thermal decomposition is different from thiol molecules. The effective magnetic moment of copper (II) thiol complexes was determined at 315K and was found in the range of 1.14 to 1.78 BM. These indicate that copper (II) ion has one unpaired electron in the 3d shell; therefore, complexes have magnetic moments which are very close to the value of 1.73 BM, which is only copper (II). DNA cleavage studies were carried out with human and pUC18 DNA with all synthesized copper (II) thiol complexes. Lysis was observed by subjecting the samples to gel electrophoresis against the standards. The results indicate that [Cu(DTT)2], [Cu(LCS)2], [Cu(MSH)2] and [Cu(PEN)2] cleaved both pUC18 and human DNA, it shows that these complexes has an ability to bind with DNA molecule. [Cu(MSH)2] and CUAC (Copper acetate monohydrate) did not show any effect on both pUC18 and human DNA. [Cu(NAC)2] has no effect on pUC18 DNA but it has an ability to cleave human DNA. On the basis of these results in-vivo studies are recommended for targeted delivery of complexes against cancerous cells.
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