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کتابیات

مصادرومراجع
بنیادی مآخذ
۱۔شہزا د احمد ، ڈاکٹر:(مرتبہ) ’’ انوارِ عقیدت‘‘ ( انٹر نیشنل حمد و نعت فائونڈیشن، کراچی) ۲۰۰۰ء
۲۔شہزا د احمد ، ڈاکٹر:’’آئنہ ریاض سہروردی‘‘(مرکزی انجمن عندلیبانِ ریاضِ رسول، کراچی) ۲۰۱۳ء
۳۔شہزاد احمد ، ڈاکٹر:’’ایک سو ایک پاکستانی نعت گو شعرا‘‘(رنگ ادب پبلی کیشنز، کراچی)۲۰۱۷ء
۴۔شہزاد احمد، ڈاکٹر/’’اردو نعت پاکستان میں ‘‘( حمد و نعت ریسرچ فائونڈیشن ، کراچی) ۲۰۱۴ء
۵۔شہزاداحمد ، ڈاکٹر:’’ اساسِ نعت گوئی‘‘( رنگ ادب پبلی کیشنز، کراچی) ۲۰۱۶ء
۶۔شہزاداحمد ، ڈاکٹر:’’اُردو میں نعتیہ صحافت‘‘(رنگ ادب پبلی کیشنز ، کراچی ) ۲۰۱۶ء
۷۔شہزاداحمد، ڈاکٹر:’’عزیزالدین خاکی کی تصنیفی اور تالیفی خدمات کا اجمالی جائزہ‘‘( انجمن ترقی نعت ، کراچی)۲۰۰۲ء
۸۔شہزاداحمد، ڈاکٹر:’’لاکھوں سلام ‘‘( انجمن ترقی نعت ، کراچی )۱۹۸۶ء
ثانوی مآخذ
۹۔اصغرعلی ، سید /شہزاد احمد ، ڈاکٹر :’’ خوشبوئے ادیب ‘‘(مرتبہ)( مدحت پبلشرز ، کراچی) ۲۰۱۷ء
۱۰۔انوار ظہوری، سید: ’’حرف منزہ ‘‘(ظہوری اکیڈمی، لاہور) ۱۹۹۳ء
۱۱۔آزاد، محمد حسین :’’آب حیات‘‘(نول کشور پرنٹنگ پریس، لاہور) ۱۹۰۷ء
۱۲۔آزاد، محمد اسماعیل ،فتح پوری،:’’ہندوپاک کی اُردو نعتیہ شاعری‘‘)برائون پبلی کیشنز،نئی دہلی( ۲۰۱۹ء
۱۳۔حسرت موہانی :’’نکات سخن‘‘( الفیصل ناشران کتب) لاہور، ۲۰۱۴ء
۱۴۔حفیظ جالندھر ی ا بولاثر: ’’شاہ نامہ اسلام ‘‘( مکتبہ تعمیر انسانیت ، لاہور)۱۹۸۵ء
۱۵۔حفیظ صدیقی، ابوالاعجاز: ’’کشاف تنقیدی اصطلاحات ‘‘(مقتدرہ قومی زبان، اسلام آباد) ۱۹۸۵ء
۱۶۔راجا رشید محمود: ’’اقامت نعت‘‘(مدنی گرافکس ،لاہور) ۲۰۱۲ء
۱۷۔رفیع الدین اشفاق، ڈاکٹر: ’’اردو میں نعتیہ شاعری‘‘(ارد و اکیڈمی سندھ، کراچی ) ۱۹۷۶ء
۱۸۔ریاض سہروردی:’’ارمغان ریاض سہروردی‘‘ مرتبہ :ڈاکٹر شہزاداحمد،۲۰۱۴
۱۹۔ریاض سہروردی:’’کلیات ریاض سہروردی‘‘ مرتبہ ،ڈاکٹر شہزاداحمد،دسمبر ۲۰۱۳
۲۰۔سودا، مرزا محمد رفیع:’’کلیاتِ سودا، جلد دوم‘‘ مرتبہ ، ڈاکٹر محمد شمس الدین صدیقی( مجلس ترقی ادب، لاہور) ۲۰۰۶ء
۲۱۔شہیدی، کرامت علی:’’ دیوانِ شہیدی‘‘ مرتبہ ، سید عامر علی( ، بیکن بکس ، ملتان) ۲۰۰۲ء
۲۲۔صبیح رحمانی،سید:’’ کلیات صبیح رحمانی‘‘ مرتبہ ،ڈاکٹر شہزاداحمد( دارالسلام ، لاہور) ۲۰۱۹ء
۲۳۔طیب ابدالی،ڈاکٹر:’’انتخاب کلام آسی غازی پوری‘‘(اُترپردیش اُردو اکادمی،لکھنو) ۱۹۸۳ء
۲۴۔علم بن حجاج...

مشاجرات صحابہ کرام کا علمی اور تحقیقی جائزہ

The focus of this study is to highlight the ‘’Mushajarat, of the companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Lexical meaning of the ‘’Mushajarat, is a dense trees in which the branches are mixing and striking with each other. Here it exposes itself in the meaning of fight because the fighter are mixing and striking with one another. The religious scholars did not explain the partiality among the companions of the Holy prophet (PBUH) as fight, but they rather explained it as ‘’Mushajarat, because the dense tree is the beauty and has attraction for aesthetic watchers. According to ‘’sharia, the word ‘’Mushajarat, is used for the difference of opinion on religious issues among the companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) which is compared with dense tree in which the branches are mixing and striking each other, because the branches of a tree are in different directions which are not objectionable and cannot be termed as a weakness of a tree but rather beautify the tree. Indeed one can find differences amongst the companions of the Holy prophet (PBUH) but that is explained by the well doctrine Religious Scholars as ‘’Mushajarat, which is the beauty of Sharia and Islamic Fiqqah, because there was no hostility or hatred amongst the companion of Holy Prophet (PBUH) when they were explaining Islamic Fiqqah or Sharia.

Integration of Seeding Rates and Weed Management Techniques for Weed Suppression and Some Agronomic Traits of Chickpea Cicer Arietinum L.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crop has gained attention of the arid region farmers across Pakistan because of the low water requirement. Meanwhile, the chickpea is poor competitor of weeds in its early growth stages due to its slow growth rate and leaf area development. Taking under consideration the negative impact of weeds on chickpea crop, field, pot and laboratory studies were conducted during 2012-13 and 2013-14. During field studies, the effects of different chickpea seeding rates and different weed control techniques were tested against chickpea weeds under rain-fed conditions. The results of the field experiments showed that during both the years the lowest weed density (115.18 and 64.40 m-2) was recorded in Stomp 330 EC followed by Dual Gold 960 EC. The maximum seed yield (1226 and 1411 kg ha-1) was recorded in Stomp 330 EC for both the years, respectively followed by the application of Dual Gold 960 EC and manual weeding. Among the chickpea seeding rates, the maximum number of branches plant-1, 100 seed weight, biological yield and seed yield kg ha-1 were observed for 70 kg ha-1 seed rate during both the years. The economic analysis exposed that the maximum net profit to the farmers in case of added cost was obtained from the application of pre-emergence herbicides i.e., Stomp 330 EC and Dual Gold 960 EC as compared to the other weed control techniques. In pot studies the sensitivity of chickpea was tested against two pre-emergence herbicides (Stomp 330 EC and Dual Gold 960 EC) and three post-emergence herbicides (Topik 15 WP, Puma Super 75 EW and Isoproturon 500 EW). In pot studies, chickpea was more sensitive to pre-emergence than post-emergence herbicides in terms of their toxicity. All the studied parameters of chickpea showed a significant response to the herbicides applied except nodules fresh and dry biomass. Moreover, the least chickpea plant height (cm), number of nodules plant-1 and protein content (%) in seed were recorded under the pre-emergence application of Stomp 330 EC. In the third experiment, the allelopathic potential of five common weeds including Parthenium hysterophorus L., Cyperus rotundus L., Datura stramonium L., Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. and Convolvulus arvensis L. was examined against the different chickpea varieties (Karak-I, Karak-III and Sheenghar) under laboratory conditions. The results of the lab. studies demonstrated that among the chickpea varieties the “Karak-III” showed more susceptibility against the phytotoxic effects of weed extracts. However, among the tested extracts, C. arvensis showed more allelopathic effects in terms of germination failure in chickpea and just gave 43.33% germination as compared to control treatment (97.50%). However, the extract of P. australis showed a little stimulatory effects on all the tested chickpea varieties. Hence, it is concluded that an integrated weed management approach involving cultural practices and herbicides is needed to develop an effective and economical weed control technique and to achieve maximum chickpea yield.
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