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پروفیسرڈاکٹر معظم حسین

ڈاکٹر معظم حسین
(پروفیسر مختار الدین احمد)
عربی و اسلامیات کے ایک جلیل القدر عالم، ڈھاکا یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ عربی کے سابق صدر اور وہاں کے سابق وائس چانسلر کی وفات کی خبر بنگلہ دیش سے مجھے بہت تاخیر سے ملی، ہندوستان کے اخبارات و رسائل میں تو اس سانحۂ علمیہ کا ذکر بھی نہیں آیا۔
پروفیسر ڈاکٹر سید معظم حسین، متحدہ ہندوستان میں عربی ادب اور علوم اسلامی کے اہم علماء میں تھے، وہ مشہور مستشرق پروفیسر مارگولیوتھ (متوفی۱۹۴۰؁ء) اور آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ عربی کے صدر کے نامور تلامذہ میں تھے، وہ ڈھاکہ یونیورسٹی سے امتیاز کے ساتھ عربی میں ایم اے کرنے کے بعد بنگال کی حکومت سے وظیفہ پاکر عربی زبان و ادب کے تنقیدی مطالعے کے لیے انگلستان گئے اور آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی میں داخل ہوکر کئی سال تک پروفیسر مارگولیوتھ کی نگرانی میں علمی تحقیقات میں مصروف رہے۔
مارگولیوتھ، اسلام کے خلاف جس قسم کے تعصبات کے شکار تھے ان سے دنیائے اسلام اچھی طرح واقف ہے، لیکن اس میں شبہ نہیں کہ عربی ادب کی خدمات میں وہ اپنے معاصرین میں بہت ممتاز رہے ہیں۔ عربی مخطوطات کی ترتیب و تہذیب سے ان کی گہری دلچسپی تھی۔ ہمیں ان کا احسان بھولنا نہیں چاہیے کہ تراث اسلامی کی تلاش بازیافت اور ان کی تصیح و اشاعت کے کارناموں میں انھوں نے مکمل حصہ لیا۔ قدیم مسلم مصنفین کی متعدد تصانیف انھوں نے خود مرتب کر کے یا اپنے احباب اور تلامذہ سے مدون کراکے انہیں ضایع ہونے سے بچالیا۔ یاقوت الحموی کی معجم الادباء اور متعدد علمائے عرب کی تصانیف نے ان کی بدولت نئی زندگی پائی، ان کے تلامذہ میں ہندوستانی طلباء میں افضل العلماء ڈاکٹر عبدالحق (مدراس) ڈاکٹر عابد احمد علی (علی گڑھ) ڈاکٹر محمد عبدالحق (حیدرآباد) کے نام یاد آتے ہیں۔ اول الذکر سے انھوں نے دیوان...

Is History a Threat? (Comment)

Erick Hobsbawm (d.2012) was a Marxist historian, a professor of history at Birkbeck College, University of London, where he taught till the end of his life. Birkbeck is an evening college where most of the students belong to the working class and continue with studies to improve their educational qualifications. Conscious of the condition of students who attended his lectures after a hard day of physical labour, he devised lectures on the history of Europe to create emancipatory thought. His four books use history as a tool to comprehend present-day Europe. They are titled The Age of Capital, The Age of Industrial Revolution, The Age of Revolution and The Age of Extreme. Besides these four books, he has published a number of papers and essays that attempt to build a new historical consciousness. There are other progressive historians besides Hobsbawm who believe that history can be liberating if it is not written in the service of the rulers of the time. It is also not a static and depressing account of the past but is dynamic and constantly changing. While history tells the story of unjust rulers and the institutions they created, it also reveals how the rulers and their unjust institutions meet their end. The reign of absolute kingship where the king was considered the Viceregal God, brutal military dictatorships, and exploitative economic systems that lasted for centuries with the aim of torturing and subduing the common working people were all destroyed over time, especially when people joined forces and resisted them to gradually establish a just order.

Performance of Salicylic Acid in Modulating Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical and Ionic Attributes of Potato Solanum Tuberosum L. under Different Saline Regimes.

Potato is a prime crop in ensuring food security locally as well as globally in the face of changing world demographic scenario as it provides more energy per unit of land and time (216 MJ/ha/day) than any other main staple food crop. However, potato crop is not as productive in subtropical areas as it is in temperate climate. This is attributed to abiotic (e.g. salinity) stress factors which are further aggravating by urbanization, industrialization, climate change and use of underground saline water for potato production due to shortage of freshwater in most of arid and semi-arid regions of the globe. Therefore, a pot culture study, comprised of four experiments was conducted to investigate the role of SA on morpho-physiological, bio-chemical, enzymatic and ionic attributes that can be used for characterization of salinity tolerance in potato cultivars. Tubers were planted in plastic pots, using fine sand as growth medium and half strength Hoagland solution was applied to plants as nutrient medium. In first experiment, screening of 13 different potato cultivars for salinity tolerance was carried out on the basis of morphological and ionic attributes against six salt (NaCl) stress concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 dS m-1). Cultivars were categorized into tolerant and sensitive ones on the basis of their performance in 1st experiment. One most tolerant (N-Y LARA) and one most sensitive (720-110 NARC) cultivar were selected for further study. Moreover, in 2nd experiment, effect of different salt (NaCl ) stress levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 dS m-1) was investigated on physiological, biochemical, enzymatic and ionic attributes of salt sensitive and salt tolerant potato cultivars (screened out in first experiment). Furthermore, an optimization experiment (3rd) was carried out to identify the best salicylic acid (SA) concentration among various SA levels (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 mM) by foliar spray under saline (5 dS m-1) environment to test salt tolerance potential of sensitive and tolerant potato cultivars (identified in first study). Additionally, salt tolerance potential of tolerant and sensitive potato cultivars was evaluated under saline (5 dS m-1) and non-saline environment without and with foliar spray of optimized concentration of SA (0.5 mM) vis-à-vis various physiological, biochemical, ionic and antioxidant attributes. Results of 1st and 2nd experiments depicted that salt stress significantly reduced shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW), potassium contents (K+), photosynthetic activity (Pn), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal conductance of CO2 (gs), substomatal CO2 (Ci), water potential xiv (Ψw), osmotic potential (Ψπ), turgor potential (Ψp), total chlorophyll contents (Chl.), and total soluble protein content’s attributes. However, mean emergence time (MET), sodium contents (Na+), Na+: K+, melondialdehyde contents (MDA), proline contents, total phenolic contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities increased with increase in salt stress severity against six salt stress levels. From 3rd experiment, 0.5 mM salicylic acid (SA) concentration proved to be the best for inducing salt tolerance in both the potato cultivars. Furthermore, findings of 4th experiment clearly indicated that SA (0.5 mM) significantly enhanced salt tolerance potential of both the potato cultivars by alleviating drastic effects of salt stress on ionic, water relations, physiological, biochemical and enzymatic attributes as mentioned in 2nd experiment. Overall, it can be extracted that salt stress is injurious for potato growth and productivity and exogenous application of SA (0.5 mM) proved effective for enhancing salt tolerance potential of potato. However, SA effect was more pronounced on N-Y LARA than 720-110 NARC reflecting that former one was tolerant to salt stress while the latter one was susceptible. Besides, one can establish that Ψp, LRWC, Pn, E, WUE, gs and protein might directly be linked with growth and tuber yield attributes as they are negatively affected by salt stress in the same way as salt stress affected growth attributes in experiment one (Table-4.1.19) and tuber’s yield in experiment four (Table-4.4.1), respectively. In view of salt resistance potential of N-Y LARA and efficacy of low concentration of SA (0.5 mM) to further mitigate salt stress effect, cultivation of N-Y LARA along-with foliar application of SA (0.5 mM) may be recommended in saline soil.
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