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عبداللہ حسین

عبداللہ حسین
خاندانی پس منظر:
پاکستان سے تعلق رکھنے والے بین الاقوامی شہرت یافتہ ناول و افسانہ نگار تھے جو اپنے ناول اداس نسلیں کی وجہ سے دنیائے ادب میں شہرت رکھتے ہیں۔عبد اللہ حسین 14 اگست 1931ء کو راولپنڈی میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ان کا اصل نام محمد خان تھا۔ والد محمد اکبر خان برطانوی راج میں راولپنڈی میں ایکسائزانسپکٹر کی حیثیت سے ملازمت کرتے تھے، جن کا آبائی وطن پاکستان کے صوبہ خیبر پختونخوا کا ضلع بنوں تھا۔ عبد اللہ حسین کے والدین وطن کو خیر باد کہہ کر پنجاب میں آبسے تھے۔ ان کی تین بیٹیاں تھیں۔ عبد اللہ حسین اپنے والد کی پانچویں مگر آخری بیوی کی واحد اولاد تھے اور پاچ برس کی عمر سے ہی اپنے آبائی شہر گجرات میں رہنے لگے تھے۔ چونکہ عبد اللہ حسین کے والد سرکاری ملازمت میں تھے اس وجہ سے انہیں ملک کے مختلف علاقوں میں منتقل ہونا پڑا۔ وہ راولپنڈی کے علاوہ فیروزپور اور جھنگ جیسے شہروں میں بھی رہے۔
تعلیم:
عبد اللہ حسین کی ابتدائی تعلیم گھر پر ہی ہوئی تھی۔ نو برس کی عمر میں عبد اللہ حسین کی مذہبی درس و تدریس کے سلسلے میں صدرالدین نام کے ایک مولوی صاحب کو رکھا گیا۔ انہوں نے پرائمری کی تعلیم سناتن دھرم اسکول میں حاصل کی جو 1960ء کے بعد مدرسۃ البنات کہلایا اور 1946ء میں گجرات کے اسلامیہ ہائی اسکول سے میٹرک کا امتحان پاس کیا۔ 1952ء میں انہوں نے زمیندار کالج، گجرات سے بی ایس سی کیا۔
انگریزی میں دسترس:
عبد اللہ حسین جب تعلیمی مراحل میں تھے اور گریجویشن کے لیے کالج میں گئے تھے تو وہاں انگریزی زبان سے ہی زیادہ واسطہ پڑتا تھا چاہے وہ تاریخ ہو، جغرافیہ ہو یا اکنامکس۔ انگریزی ذریعہ تعلیم ہونے کی وجہ سے ان کو اس زبان پر دسترس حاصل ہو گئی۔ اسی...

Macroeconomic Instability and Terrorism Nexus: Empirical Evidence in Case of Pakistan

The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.

The Civil Society-Democracy Co-Relationship: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Pakistan.

The Civil Society (C.S) in Pakistan though has developed over the years and gained vibrancy and strength to some extent. But it could not achieve much success as compared to its counterpart in Turkey. This research study involved primary as well as secondary sources as a part of this exploration.The methodology used in this study is a mixture of Quantitative and Qualitative Methods and mostly used traditional historical approach. Sampling involved people from different sections of C.S comprising of lawyers, teachers, parliamentarians and students regarding relationship and impact of civil society on democratization in Pakistan and Turkey. This is a pioneer study to use the Liberal Democratic Model as the frame work for addressing the subject. Liberal Democracy is practiced in most of the countries of the world. Its‟ important elements are: representative democracy, electoral choice and competition. There is a clear division between the C.S and the state. One to one interviews have been conducted from different people belonging to different areas in Pakistan. After analysis of the data the themes were presented to the participants for them to verify or refute. According to the researcher incompetent and corrupt leadership along with lack of influential middle class are responsible for a weak and fragmented civil society.In case of Turkey the civil society was also fragmented and weak but there has been a shift from ideologically centred activity towards issue oriented activity and assistance from external actors. By examining different reasons why civil society in Pakistan has not been able to achieve the level of democratization and success as compared to that achieved in Turkey, viable solutions and suggestions to improve the situation have been proposed.
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