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۴-ايان
۴-ايان
"يَسْـَٔـلُوْنَ اَيَّانَ يَوْمُ الدِّيْنِ"[[1]]
"پوچھتے ہیں آخر وہ روز جزاء کب آئے گا؟"۔
PRISON’S GOVERNANCE IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PRISONERS’ RIGHTS
Prison’s governance is gauged by safeguarding basic human rights in captivity and prisoners’ rights are detailed through rules, norms, and values. The present study assesses human rights paradigm enforced in Pakistan and evaluates the empirical situation in prisons in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mirrored with the legal governance structure in vogue in the province. For assessment purpose primary data is collected through interviews from ex-prisoners, policemen on duty and some officials of prisons in the province. Documentary evidence is employed to ensure data accuracy before analysis. Secondary data has been utilized to form bases of recommendation in the light of empirics been evaluated. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Prisons Rules 2018, Nelson Mandela Rules and United Nations Rules make the necessary legal paradigm to view the problems been faced by prisoners in the prisons. In the light of these legal instruments recommendations have been framed for betterment in the system of prisons’ governance.Factors Associated With Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Three Private Tertiary Hospitals in Kenya
Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a condition that affects mainly premature infants. It’s characterized by abnormal retinal vascular growth which in its most severe form can result in blindness due to retinal detachment, and in less severe untreated forms, can result in marked visual impairment. Retinopathy of prematurity is one of the preventable causes of blindness. Research Question: What are the factors associated with development of retinopathy of prematurity in screened preterm infants in three private tertiary hospitals in Kenya? Study Objectives: This study aimed to identify factors associated with development of retinopathy of prematurity in screened preterm infants in three private tertiary hospitals in Kenya. It also aimed to determine the proportion of preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity in the screened preterm infants within these three hospitals. Study Methods: This was an unmatched case control study, targeting records of preterm infants born between January 2010 to December 2017, in three private tertiary hospitals in Kenya. Data extracted was on gestational age at birth, birth weight, gender, duration of supplemental oxygen, occurrence of sepsis, intra ventricular hemorrhage and blood transfusion. The outcome assessed was a binary variable, defined as retinopathy of prematurity status, Positive or Negative. Results: A total of 228 patient records were included in the study. Overall proportion of ROP positive cases was 43.3% (95% CI: 36.9%-50.1%). Approximately half, (50.8%) of the babies who were put on oxygen supplementation for more than one week were ROP positive, however the proportions were similar for babies with and those without sepsis at 58.0% and 55.0% respectively. The proportion of preterm infants with ROP was lower in babies who were transfused compared to those who were not transfused (48.6% vs 63.6%). Gestational age (p-value=0.002), duration of oxygen therapy (p-value=0.012), and blood transfusion (p-value=0.022) were independently associated with ROP infection. Conclusion and Recommendations: The proportion of preterm infants who screened ROP positive in this study was 43.4% which was used as a proxy for prevalence of this condition in screened preterm infants in these three facilities. This serves as an indicator of the burden of this condition on preterm infants. Associated factors from this study were gestational age at birth, duration of supplemental oxygen and blood transfusion. Early weaning off from supplemental oxygen and judicious transfusions could possibly make an impact in reducing the prevalence of this condition. We recommend that there should be a national policy on screening ofJournals by Discipline
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