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احسان دانشؔ

احسان دانش
کچھ عرصہ سے اس برصغیر کی اردو شاعری کے آسمان پر سیاہ بادل برابر چھائے ہوئے ہیں، فراق گورکھپوری اور جوش ملیح آبادی کے بعد احسان دانش، حفیظ جالندھری اور اب نشور واحدی اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے۔
ان کی رحلت سے اردو شعر و ادب کے قصر کی رنگارنگی میں بڑی کمی پیدا ہوگئی ہے، احسان دانش نے اپنی زندگی ایک پریشان حال مزدور کی حیثیت سے شروع کی، لیکن اپنی وفات سے پہلے اردو شاعری کے ایک تاجدار تسلیم کرلیے گئے تھے، ۱۹۴۷؁ء سے پہلے وہ اعظم گڑھ کے مشاعروں میں برابر آتے رہے، اس وقت تک ان کے کلام کے مجموعوں میں نفیر فطرت، جادہ نو، چراغاں، درد زندگی، نوائے کارگر، آتش خاموش حدیث ادب اور گورستان وغیرہ چھپ چکے تھے، مشاعرہ کے اسٹیج پر آتے تو ان کے چہرہ سے ان کی زندگی کی سادگی اور پریشانی ظاہر ہوتی، مگر کلام سناتے تو ان کے خیالات کی پرکاری اور رعنائی سے سامعین متاثر ہوکر محسوس کرتے کہ وہ اپنی شاعری میں جادو نو پر چل رہے ہیں، غزلیں سناتے تو تغزل کا چراغاں کرکے درد زندگی کے راز پنہاں کو عیاں کرتے، ان کی زندگی زیادہ تر پریشانیوں میں گزری، مگر وہ آتش خاموش بن کر ایک شاعر کا حق ادا کرتے رہے، اسی لیے ان کی سخنوری نوائے کارگر اور حدیث ادب بنی رہی، ان کی مشق سخن کی کہانی ان ہی کی زبانی یہ ہے کہ جب ان پر جذبہ شاعری طاری ہوتا وہ اپنی روح میں التہاب پاتے اور جب شعر سپرد قلم کردیتے تو محسوس کرتے کہ الفاظ میں، کاغذ پر، دائروں، لفظوں، مرکزوں اور پیوندوں کے نیچے ان کی روح دبتی چلی جارہی ہے، اور جب کوئی نظم پایہ تکمیل کو پہنچ جاتی تو اپنی روح کو سبک اور آرام طلب پاتے، پھر وہ میٹھی نیند...

From Jihad to Salam in Pursuit of Political Change: A Perspective based on Qur’ānic Sources

The political reality of many countries in the Muslim World is untenable and reforms and change is absolutely necessary. This article argues that use of force and violence for political change is making things worse as one can witness in Syria and Iraq. The article advances a Qur’ānic perspective on the desirability of peace as a goal and peaceful means as instruments of change. The article acknowledges that the Qur’ānic sanction for use of force to defend religious freedom prcludes the advocacy of pacifism but nevertheless the article does make a strong case for privileging peace over use of force.

Students‟ English Language Proficiency and Their Attitudes Towards English Language Learning at Elementary Level

This study was designed to measure English Language Proficiency and to explore attitudinal and motivational factors associated to learning a second language of 8 th grade students in Punjab. The major objectives of the study were included the development of English Language Proficiency Test (ELPT) based on National Curriculum English for Class VIII to measure language proficiency and exploration of attitudinal and motivational factors associated with learning a second language of 8 th grade students across gender and locale groups. The exploration of magnitude of relationship between English language proficiency and attitudinal/motivational factors associated with learning second language across gender and locale groups was also the objective of the present research. To achieve these objectives, null hypotheses were formulated. To test these hypotheses two instruments, i.e. English Language Proficiency Test (ELPT) and Attitude Motivation Scale (AMS) derived from Attitudes/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB) were used to collect the data. Language proficiency test was comprised of three language competencies i.e. reading, writing, and lexical aspects of language. Using two Stage Stratified Random Cluster techniques, 2700 students of 8 th grade were selected as a sample for the present study. For the selection of required sample, 128 schools were proportionally and randomly selected from each stratum. Both the instruments i.e. ELPT and AMS were administered by test administrators. Data collected with the help of both the instruments were tabulated and missing data were replaced appropriately. Different statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. Rash analysis was employed to calibrate items in English Language Proficiency Test (ELPT). The data were calculated and converted into scaled score using IRT based software ConQuest. Pearson Correlation test was used to explore the magnitude of relationship between language proficiency and attitudes of the learners. To investigate proficiency and attitudes & motivation of gender and locale groups, independent sample t-statistics was employed. Similarly, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc statistics were applied to find mean difference and level of significant among different groups like parents’ qualification and occupation and teachers’ qualification, age, and teaching experience. Findings revealed that female and urban students performed better on ELPT as compared to their counterparts. Similarly, female and urban students showed positive attitudes & motivation to learn English language as compared to their counterparts. Overall reading proficiency was better than writing proficiency. The students, whose parents were graduate, performed better. The performance of the students, who were taught by the better-qualified and more experienced teachers, was better. This research study may be beneficial to curriculum developers/reviewers, textbook writers/reviewers, working and perspective teachers to promote standard based education.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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