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محبوب دی یاد

محبوب دی یاد
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
دھمی ککڑاں دتیاں بانگاں
ملاں اُٹھ مسیت نوں جاوے
اللہ دا سد پیا سناوے
نیکاں دے ایہہ من نوں بھاوے
بُریاں وجن پیّاں سانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
ساری دنیا سکھ نال سوندی
مینوں ستیاں نیند نہ اوندی
یاد سجن دی پئی تڑپوندی
کندھ عشق دی کیویں لانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
دسو ہا کوئی عشق دا دارو
دکھاں دا کوئی بن جائو بھارو
جنگل ڈھونڈیا تے تھل مارو
دل وچ وجدیاں نیں اَج کانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں

واٹ ’’روم‘‘(۱) دی سئے کوہاں دی
میری کوئی پیش نہ جاندی
خبر ملے جے ول وطناں دی
جاواں گی فیر مار چھلانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
جہلم شہر دی سوہنیاں جائیں
جتھے رہندا دلبر سائیں
مولا سانوں جلد ملائیں
ایہو نت دعائیں مانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
قادریؔ سائیں سنجے ویہڑے
رانجھن باہجھوں دسدے کھیڑے
یار ملے مک جاون جھیڑے
نالے مکن ہکلاں چانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
(۱)۔ مرشد پاک کا قیام کچھ عرصہ اٹلی(روم) میں بھی رہا ہے۔

Attitude Towards Science: A Case Study of Higher Secondary Level Students of Sindh Province

This research is conducted, in order to perceive the attitude of higher secondary level students of Sindh towards science. Students (Male = 448, Female = 648) belonging to higher-secondary level (Class-XI & XII) from Hyderabad division were surveyed. Students were divided in Urban (N=455) and Rural (N=641) groups accordingly. “Test of Science Related Attitudes” known as TOSRA, initially developed by (Fraser, 1978) was adapted and translated in Urdu as well, was used as the attitude measurement instrument. Internalk consistancey was checked with Cronbach’s alpha reliability test. After pilot study the test was administrated. Significant difference of the attitude towards science across the students was noticed based on their gender and their locale. The results show that, with small effect size, male students significantly scored higher on almost all of the attitude sub-scales of TOSRA as compared to female students. Interestingly, students belonging to rural areas significantly scored higher with medium effect size on all the attitude sub-scale towards science as compare to students from urban areas.

Selective Degradation and Oxidation of Hydroxyethyl Starch for Immobilization of Some Antidiabetic Drugs

The low solubility and permeability of drugs, in general, leads to unsatisfactory pharmacokinetics profile of drugs. Polymer conjugation has attracted increasing interest in pharmaceutical industry for delivering such low molecular weight (Mw) drugs as well as some complex compounds. The objective of this work was to find a method to overcome the solubility and permeability problems using the conjugation strategy. In this regard, hydroxyethyl starch (HES), a highly biocompatible semi-synthetic biopolymer, was used as a drug carrier. N- Arylsulfonylbenzimidazolones were selected as antidiabetic compounds of choice for coupling with HES. The experiments established the viability of a covalent coupling between polymer and N-arylsulfonylbenzimidazoles using a suitable coupling strategy. As a requirement for the desired coupled products, HES must have Mw that is suitable for drug delivery and excretion through the kidney. Therefore, HES needs to undergo a selective degradation. In the present study, two different methods for hydrolysis, i.e. acidic and enzymatic, were used for selective degradation of HES. It was found that the enzymatic hydrolysis method is superior to acidic hydrolysis. The enzymatic method was used to obtain HES of Mw as low as ≈ 10,000 g/mol. The selectively degraded HES was oxidized to generate carboxylic acid groups at the chain ends to serve as a coupling site for N-arylsulfonylbenzimidazolones, the selected antidiabetic compounds. For oxidation of HES, potassium permanganate and sodium oxychloride were tried as oxidizing agents. The sodium oxychloride method was found advantageous over permanganate method. The degraded and oxidized products were characterized using GPC, IR and NMR techniques. N-Arylsulfonylbenzimidazolones were synthesized using a multistep sequence to serve as antidiabetic compounds. The structures of all the synthesized arylsulfonylbenzimidazolne products and intermediates were established using spectroscopic techniques and the purity ascertained by elemental analysis. The synthesized arylsulfonylbenzimidazolnes were coupled to oxidized HES of molecular weights 17,490 g/mol and 10,067 g/mol by creating an amide linkage between the two units. iiThe coupled products were characterized using GPC, IR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The coupled products were screened for their antidiabetic potential on male albino rats of the Sprague–Dawley albino family at a dose of 20 mg and 40 mg per Kg body weight of the rats. It was observed that all the synthesized compounds were highly active. 2,3-Dihydro-3-(4- nitrobenzensulfonyl)-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazole (63) was found most potent with a 54 % reduction in blood glucose level of the rats as compared to 41 % reduction produced by tolbutamide and 38 % by glucophage. The coupling of these antidiabetic compounds with oxidized HES resulted in an increase of the hypoglycemic activity of all the compounds. The activity of compound 63 on coupling to HES 10,067 increased to 67 % reduction in blood glucose level.
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