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۱-حروف استفہام

۱-حروف استفہام

وہ حروف جو سوال کرنے کے لیے استعمال ہوتے ہیں یہ دو ہیں:ھل اور ھمزہ

قرآن حکیم میں متعدد مقامات پر وہ مستعمل ہیں مثلاً

" أَأَمِنتُمْ مَّن فِى ٱلسَّمَآءِ أَن يَخْسِفَ بِكُمُ ٱلأَرْضَ فَإِذَا هِىَ تَمُورُ " [[1]]

"کیا تم آسمان والے (رب) سے بے خوف ہو گئے ہو کہ وہ تم پر پتھر برسانے والی ہوا بھیج دے"۔

" هَلْ فِى ذٰلِكَ قَسَمٌ لِّذِى حِجْرٍ "[[2]]

"کیا اِس میں کسی صاحب عقل کے لیے کوئی قسم ہے؟"۔



[[1]]     القرآن ،۶۷: ۱۶۔

[[2]]     القرآن ، ۸۹: ۵۔

حديث أُمرت أن أقاتل الناس حتى يشهدوا: دراسة في حرية الاعتقاد والفعل

One of the greatest epistemological accomplishments that Muslims have achieved is the establishment of an accurate system of deriving rulings from Sharia texts, which is known as ‘principles of jurisprudence’ or Usūl ul Fiq. Among the significant contents of these subject is dealing with the text which apparently contradicts to other basic principles of Islam or objectives of Sharī’ah. The job of a jurist becomes more significant and difficult in devising the judgments and interpreting the texts as reported by the fundamentalists: inquiring the validity of the texts, finding its weakness with respect to strong argument, and comparing them in terms of authenticity. Other times, he tries to reconcile between the contradictions by keeping in view a meaning consistent with Sharī’ah. The application of these principles gave birth to the variety and diversity of opinions on account of Ijtihād. Keeping in view the above preamble, the author addressed one of the famous Ahadith of Holy Prophet PBUH: “I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify.”. This saying of Holy Prophet PBUH attracted Muslim thinkers in past and present to address its meanings and application. Likewise some related debate has emerged in the modern period as regards whether the term "people" in the hadith is used generically or specifically - forcing these people to Islam after defeating? The author in this context, addressed the terminology of hadith, its apparent contradiction with the principles of Sharī’ah, legal maxims, provisions, diverse interpretations, and added his own opinion. Descriptive and qualitative research approach was employed for the collection, demonstration and analysis of data.

Removal of Synthetic Dyes from Aqueous Media Using Biocomposites

Industrial colored wastewater plays an important role in environment pollution. In present study, the removal of synthetic acid dyes was carried out in batch and column mode with biocomposites using biosorption technology. The effect of different experimental parameters such as pH, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature were determined to investigate the optimum conditions for attaining the maximum removal of acid dyes. The optimum pH for getting the maximum biosorption of four selected acid dyes (ADG-180, AO-RL, ANB N-RBL and ATB E-2G) was observed in acidic range (2-6) while the 0.05 g/50 mL biosorbent dose (PPy/SB, PAn/SB, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St; PPy/RH, PAn/RH, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St; PPy/PH, PAn/PH, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St and PPy/CS, PAn/CS, PPy/Ch, PAn/Ch, PPy/St and PAn/St ) was determined as optimum dose for the removal of all four selected acid dyes respectively. The equilibrium was attained within 45-60 min for all selected biosorbents for the elimination of selected acid dyes. The initial dye concentration in the range of 125-150 mg/L was considered as optimum for getting the maximum elimination of acid dyes using different types of selected biosorbents. The optimum temperature for getting maximum removal of all selected acid dyes was observed as 30 ºC and reduction in biosorption capacity of all biosorbents was investigated with the rise of temperature. It showed the exothermic nature of all biosorption processes involved in the removal of selected acid dyes. Both Langmuir and Freundlich biosorption isotherms showed the satisfactorily fitness on equilibrium biosorption data where as the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order both showed the satisfactory fitness on biosorption kinetic data. Different thermodynamic parameters were determined to understand the nature and feasibility of biosorption process. The significant effect of different concentrations of electrolytes and heavy metal ions on the biosorption potential of selected most efficient biosorbent for the removal of their respective acid dyes was observed. The biosorption efficiency of selected efficient biosorbent for respective acid dyes was reduced significantly in the presence of surfactants/detergents in dye solution. Maximum desorption was achieved using 0.5 N NaOH. In column study, optimum bed height, flow rate and inlet dye concentration were found to be 3 cm, 1.8 mL/min and 70 mg/L for the achievement of maximum biosorption of ADG-180, AO-RL, ANB N-RBL and 90 mg/L for ATB E-2G dye. The biosorption study of real textile effluents was also carried out for the application of this technology on practical scale. The characterization of biosorbents was carried out using thermal analysis, FT-IR and SEM which provided the information about thermal stability, active binding functional groups and surface morphology.
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