Latest Entries
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Explore Further
دکھاں مینوں لیا ستا
دکھاں مینوں لیا ستا
فضل کریں توں آپ خدا
نہ پھل ہووے نہ خوشبو
نہیں طبیب تے نہیں شفا
بھکھا ہیں تاں مار نہ چیکاں
رجیا ہیں تاں دڑ وٹ جا
جس کسے نال نیکی کرنا ایں
اوس نوں ناں احسان جتا
مرضی ہے تاں وڑ جا منڈی
ایس عشقے دا ایہو بھا
سن کے آمد یار سجن دی
چڑھ جاندے نیں مینوں چا
حقوق نسواں: ناریخی تہذیبی و مذہبی تقابلی مطالعہ
Family is the basic institution among all other institutions. Ifthis institution is good then the whole society will be good. Ifthis institution is not sound, then it is difficult to get good society. In this institution a woman play an important role, either that be a wife, mother, daughter or sister. In any condition we cannot deny her importance and her role in the general well-being of society. From the historical study we come to know that until the teaching ofthe prophets were followed, woman was honored. But when their teachings were neglected or mixed with personal interest then women were deprivedfrom their rights and were dishonored, As a result social system sufferedfrom disruption. The injustice with women was notjust in any particular culture or religion but in every culture and religion she remained under violence. When Holy prophet (PBUH) came, he saved her rights and responsibilities, so thatfamily should bepeaceful andsociety wouldget good citizens. A comparative study of women's rights has been presented in this paper, and it will be estimated that what other religions and cultures give rights to women and what Islam has givenSynthesis and Characterization of Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin Films
To date state of art transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) material is tin doped indium oxide (ITO). It is due to its low electrical resistivity (⁓ 10-4 Ω-cm) and high optical transparency (more than 85 %) in the visible region. Though that material possesses superior optical and electrical properties but the production cost is very high due to limited resources of indium on earth. From application point of view, these films were prepared using very sophisticated techniques like sputtering and atomic layer deposition, which increases its cost. The inherent brittleness of ITO is big hindrance in its use on flexible substrates.To overcome these limitations, one has to explore an alternative material that is abundantly available and inexpensive too. Among various TCOs, zinc oxide (ZnO) is inexpensive, available in abundance, and it seems to be an alternative of ITO. Its optical properties are comparable to that of ITO but its electrical resistivity is rather on higher side. So the objective of thesis is to improve electrical and optical properties of ZnO thin films using inexpensive solution based method. The main objective of the thesis is to deposit ZnO thin film with pure c-texture because thin films with high c-texture possess better electrical and optical properties as compared to a texture and m-texture ZnO thin films. The texture of ZnO thin films can be easily controlled in magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition technique but in solution based method it is very tricky. The effect of various dopants like Al, Cd, Ba, Li, and In, on the structural, optical, morphological, and electrical properties of the highly c-axis oriented ZnO thin films prepared using solution based method have been rarely reported. In most of the investigations, magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition technique have been used.“Some other objectives include: (i) investigations of the effect of dopants mean-square amplitude of atomic vibrations < > or their Debye-Waller thermal parameter= 8 < > on the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin film, (ii) improvement in the electrical conductivity of un-doped and In-doped ZnO thin films using thermal treatment in N2 atmosphere, and (iii) to explore whether thin films prepared using solution based method possess any gas sensing ability or not? The thesis comprises of seven chapters: Chapter # 1 describes general, electrical, and optical properties of transparent conducting oxides. Chapter # 2 presents a discussion on ZnO thin films with c-, a-, and m-texture as well as a brief review about adjusting these textures by controlling the various deposition parameters in magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, chemical vapor deposition and solution based method. The “effect of various dopants on the c-texture of ZnO thin films” (mostly prepared by magnetron sputtering technique) have also been reviewed. Chapter # 3 reviews various deposition and characterization techniques for thin films. “Deposition techniques include sol-gel spin coating and spray pyrolysis. For characterization, x-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Two Point and Four Point Probe technique, Hall effect, and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy have been used.” Chapter # 4 (original contribution) highlights the influence of Al, Ba, and Cd (concentration range 1%, 3%, and5%) on the optical, structural and electrical properties of highly c-axis oriented ZnO thin films. These thin films were prepared using sol-gel spin coating method.The effect of dopants mean-square amplitude of atomic vibrations < > or their Debye-Waller thermal parameter=8 < > on the properties” mentioned above have also been discussed. This aspect has been explored for the first time and never been reported before. Chapter # 5 (original contribution), deals with “the effect of Li dopant (concentration range 1%, 3%, and 5%) on the enhancement of the crystallite orientation along c-axis of ZnO thin film have been discussed. Its influence on the optical and electrical properties have also been studied. These films were also deposited using sol-gel spin coating method. Chapter # 6 (original contribution), presents the influence of a very wide range of In dopant concentration (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10%) on the optical, structural, and electrical properties of ZnO thin films using spray pyrolysis technique. Such a broad range of dopant concentration has never been explored and reported in the past. The effect of thermal treatment in N2 atmosphere on the physical properties of these thin films have also been investigated. Chapter # 7 (original contribution), highlights the gas sensing ability of In-doped ZnO thin films prepared using spray pyrolysis technique. These films show their potential ability to detect oxygen, and can be used as oxygen gas sensor. Chapter # 8 presents the conclusion from the original contribution Finally some suggestions have been given to extent this work in future. (A) Papers Published in Peer Reviewed International Journals from the Thesis 1. Dilawar Ali, M. Z. Butt, Conor Coughlan, David Caffrey, Igor V. Shvets, Karsten Fleischer: Nitrogen grain boundary passivation of In-doped ZnO transparent conducting oxide Physical Review Materials 2 (2018) 043402 2. Dilawar Ali, M.Z. Butt, Bilal Arif, Ahmed A. Al-Ghamdi, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu: The role of Al, Ba, and Cd dopant elements in tailoring the properties of c-axis oriented ZnO thin films Physica B 506 (2017) 83–93 3. Dilawar Ali, M Z Butt, Bilal Arif, Abdullah G Al-Sehemi, Ahmed A Al-Ghamdi, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu: Li induced enhancement in c-axis orientation and its effect on structural, optical, and electrical properties of ZnO thin films Mater. Res. Express 4 (2017) 026405 (B) Papers Published/Submitted in Peer Reviewed International Journals not included in the Thesis 1. Dilawar Ali, M. Z. Butt, Iqra Muneer, Farooq Bashir, Murtaza Saleem: Correlation between structural and optoelectronic properties of tin doped indium oxide thin films Optik 128 (2017) 235–246 2. Dilawar Ali, M. Z. Butt, I. Muneer, M. A. Farrukh, M. Aftab, M. Saleem, F. Bashir, A. U. Khan: Synthesis and characterization of sol-gel derived La and Sm doped ZnO thin films: A solar light photo catalyst for methylene blue Submitted for publication in Thin Solid Films (Submission date 16-07-2018)Journals by Discipline
Journals by Language
Journals by Starting Year
Journal by Frequency
Journals by Cities
Journals by Provinces
Journals by Countries
Recent Searches
Online learning model Regional Income students جانوروں کا حق Functions فلاحی معاشرہ Colors ASEAN Dissemination+of+S฀rah مونگیری تشہد الاساس فی القرآن Tem Cell Therapy Seestan koperasi Spiritual Cycle jenis pekerjaan Sons and Lovers Acceptance Contact tracing) WHERE 8636=8636 AND 5168=(SELECT 5168 FROM PG_SLEEP(5))-- vEiN Analisis Organ transplantation قدرتی وسائل Obligingness قران مجید ميں قیامت کی نظر کشی jihad دیگر مذاھب میں عورت کے مقام کا تقابلی جائزہ زکات میں تملیک کی شرائط امہ اربعہ کی المقال الدینی ٹرانس جینڈر مذہبی اجارہ داری مسلمانوں Ú©Û’ اØوال covid vaccine اصول حدیث فتنه Human Trafficking. Contact tracing) WHERE 9675=9675 OR 6216=(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM GENERATE_SERIES(1,5000000))-- Children آنحضرت صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کا منہج اصلاحی مکی دور کے تناظر میں mainstreaming قرآنی شادی Investment Prosperity Modern Islamic Scholars WAKALAT Khyber Pakhtunkhwa treatise خاص عام activism سامی ادیان میں جانوروں کی حلت و حرمت