اردو افسانہ(قیام پاکستان سے پہلے )
مختصر افسانے کا آغاز امریکہ میں ہوا مغرب میں جدید افسانے کا بانی ’’ایڈگرایلن پو ‘‘کو مانا جاتا ہے۔ اردو ادب میں افسانہ کی ابتداء بیسویں صدی کی پہلی دہائی میں ہوئی مگر اردو کے اولین افسانہ نگار کا تعین کرنا ایک مشکل اور اختلافی کام ہے۔ مختلف ناقدین اور محققین اردو کے اولین افسانہ نگاروں کے طور پر پریم چند ، سجاد حیدر یلدرم اور راشد الخیری کا نام لیتے ہیں۔محمد اشرف اردو کا پہلاافسانہ نگار پریم چند کو قرار دیتے ہیں جبکہ بعض محققین علامہ راشد الخیری کو اردو کا پہلا افسانہ نگار قرار دیتے ہیں۔اردو میں مختصر افسانے کا آغاز پریم چند کے ہا تھوں ہوا اور یہی اس کے میر کارواں کہلائے۔ ڈاکٹر فرمان فتح پوری کے مطابق اردو کے پہلے افسانہ نگار پریم چند نہیں بلکہ سجاد حیدر یلدرم تھے۔ان کے مطابق اردو کا پہلا افسانہ پریم چند کا’’ انمول رتن ‘‘ نہیں بلکہ یلدرم کا’’نشہ کی پہلی ترنگ ہے۔‘‘ جبکہ ڈاکٹر صغیر افراہیم اس نظریے کی تردید کر تے ہوئے کہتے ہیں:
’’سجاد حید ر یلدرم کے افسانے’’ مجھے میرے دوستوں سے بچاؤ‘‘ اور ’’نشہ کی پہلی ترنگ ‘‘ ان کے طبع زاد افسانے نہیں بلکہ ترکی اور انگریزی افسانوں کے تراجم ہیں۔‘‘(9)
اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ پریم چند اور سجاد حیدر یلدرم اردو افسانے کے دو اہم ستون ہیں۔ پریم چند نے افسانے میں حقیقت نگاری کو فروغ دیا۔ اردو افسانہ میں سب سے اہم روایت حقیقت نگاری کی ہے اوریہ روایت پریم چند اور ان کے معاصرین کے ہاں ہی ملتی ہے۔جب پریم چند کی حقیقت نگاری کو فروغ ملا تواس دور میں رومانوی تحریک کا بھی آغاز ہوا۔ رومانوی تحریک کے بانی سجاد حیدر یلدرم ہیں۔ یلدرم نے اردو افسانے میں رومانویت کو فروغ دیا۔اس کے علاوہ مجنوں گورکھ...
Islām is a religion of peace and it gives great importance to peace. Islamic teachings and laws are meant to create and maintain peace in the human society. But, unfortunately, Islām has been targeted as a source of terrorism, today. In this article, the author tries to defend Islām and differentiate between Jihād and terrorism. The word terrorism needs to be seen in its historical perspective. Different definitions of terrorism have been presented, but still it is an ambiguous term. In this paper, the author tries to define terrorism in the Islamic perspective. This paper discusses the points given below: m The concept of terrorism, its manifestations and types. M Encountering and prevention of terrorism from Islamic perspective. M Islām and the global brotherhood. M The punishment of terrorism. M The religious viewpoint against a cruel government. M The peaceful struggle against cruelty and injustice. Also, the difference between terrorism and jihad has been clarified. The rules and regulations of Jihād make it clear that it has nothing to do with terrorism, which is an unruly activity. A Muslim is supposed to be a peaceful citizen, who can never indulge in any act of terrorism. The rebellion against the rulers has also been discussed to draw the conclusion that it is not allowed except against the blatant kufr. The objectives of the Islamic punishments indicate the Islamic approach to minimize terrorism in the human society.
Mosquitoes are the most deadly animals found on earth. These are well known to be the vectors of lethal diseases. The family Culicidae (Diptera) comprises of 3515 species and 112 genera. As they spread many diseases in humans, so it is a dire need to explore them, to be well aware of the vectors before epidemics occur. The main objectives of the study were, exploration of the mosquito fauna of Pothwar region, pictorial key of the mosquito fauna of Pothwar, determination of the spatio temporal distribution of different mosquito species in Pothwar region and studying the egg laying color preference of mosquitoes. This study was done during the year 2014-17 in Pothwar region, Punjab, Pakistan. Specified sampling habitats were visited throughout the year to determine spatio-temporal distribution and to explore the mosquitoes in this region. Oviposition color preference was studied in laboratory and field conditions by using colored ovitraps. Twenty eight mosquito species have been discovered from the Pothwar Region, Punjab, Pakistan belonging to five genera. Eight species out of twenty eight were belonging to genus Anopheles, twelve species to genus Culex, three species belonging to genus Lutzia, three species belonging to genus Aedes and two species belonging to genus Armigeres. Six species were newly reported from Pakistan, includingLutzia (Metalutzia) vorax Edwards,1921, Culex (Barraudius) modestus Ficalbi, 1890, Culex (Eumelanomyia) tenuipalpis Barraud, 1924, Culex (Eumelanomyia) pluvialis Barraud,1924, Culex (Lophoceraomyia) seniori Barraud, 1934 and Armigeres (Armigeres) kuchingensis Edwards, 1915. In the present study, Anopheles spp. were found through March-November. The highest population was observed during May, while the lowest was observed during March. Culex vishnui and Culex theileri were observed in all the surveyed habitats, Culex vagans was present in all the habitats, except stream, while Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti were found from all the habitats, except animal sheds. Anopheles maculates, Anopheles theobaldi and Culex seniori were reported from two habitats only. All the species, including Aedes albopictus, Anopheles annularis, Armigeres kuchingensis, Culex vagans and Lutzia raptor followed the same trend of color preference for oviposition in laboratory as well as in field conditions except the Lutzia raptor, which have a unique color preference. Black and red color ovitraps were highly preferred for oviposition, while the least preferred ovitraps were blue. The habitat and seasonal information for Pothwar region are the basis to initiate preventive and control measures against any epidemic (Dengue, Zika Virus, Malaria, Elephentiasis, Yellow fever), if occurs in this region. The information about oviposition behavior can be helpful in forming trap for mosquitoes.