المبحث السادس: الغزل وبروين شاکر
بروین شاکر التي لھا المکانۃ والمنزلۃ المرموقۃ في ساحۃ الأدب والشعر فھي حاولت بقدر ما تستطیع أن تکون لنفسھا مکاناً في میدان الغزل والمنظومات۔۔ وخاصۃ بوجود فھمیدۃ ریاض التي تم التعرف علیھا والشاعرۃ کشور ناھید، فکان وجودھا فخراً وعزۃ للمجتمع الباکستاني وکان یحتاج الکثیر من الجھد من شاعرتنا بروین شاکر حتی تکون لنفسھا مکانۃ وتعطي لمکانتھا الحق اللائق بما یُناسب شخصیتھا وشرفھا۔
کشور ناهيد
ولدت ھذہ الشاعرۃ المعروفۃ في الھند في 3 فبرایر في عام 1940م فھي تتحدث في أشعارھا عن المرأۃ وما تلاقي من مظالم۔ فکانت تتناول المرأۃ الباکستانیۃ خاصۃ والمرأۃ الأخریٰ عامۃً، ولھا الأعمال الشعریۃ الرائعۃ في الغزل والمنظومات، ولھا الدواوین والمجموعات الشعریۃ الممتازۃ۔ والشاعرۃ پروین شاکر علی نمط شعرائنا المعروفین وخاصۃ الشعر الرومانسي والعاطفي، ومن أھم شعراء الغزل الرومانسي أختر شیراني، فیض، فراز، ساحر لدھیانوي وپروین شاکر۔
دعونا نتعرف علی هؤلاء الشخصيات
أختر شيراني
شاعر الأردو، محمد داود خان ولد في عائلۃ(راجبوت) عاش في لاھور، وکان والدہ البروفیسور محمود شیرانی أستاذ اللغۃ الفارسیۃ في أحد ثانویات لاھور وُلد أختر شیراني في 1905م وتوفي فی عام 1948م۔
أحمد فراز
ولد في 4 ینایر 9131م وتوفي في 25 أغسطس في 2008 وقد حصل علی المجستیر في اللغۃ الأردیہ والفارسیۃ، وحصل علی الجائزۃ في (آدم جي ادبي ایوارڈ) عام 1988م، وعلی جائزۃ أخری عام 1990م وقد اشتمل النصاب التعلیمي علی بعض أعمالہ الأدبیۃ في جامعۃ (علی گڑھ) وجامعۃ (بشاور)۔
فيض أحمد فيض
وھذہ الشخصیۃ المعروفۃ لھا المکانۃ في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ والشعر بعد الإقبال [1]في الشعر الأردو، وقد ولد قبل قيام الباکستان عام 1911م في مدینۃ (سیالکوت) في بیت عزِ وشرفٍ، وحصل...
Islam gives complete guidance in every walk of life and provides solutions to all needs. After the migration, Prophet Muhammad (SWA) established a moderate society in Madina. In the state of Madina, he introduced a Positive, Prosperous, progressive and human-caring code of conduct and banned all earlier prejudices wich led to social disorder. One of these menaces was tribal and social prejudices among the Arabs. The Prophet (SWA) strongly discouraged these prejudices. This paper will elaborate teachings of the Holy Prophet (SWA) for eradication of such social evils.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are important winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) crops of Pothwar region of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Yield of these crops is low due to various limiting factors especially uncontrolled weeds. Weed control through herbicides is posing serious threats to natural environment. It is needed to decrease dependence on herbicides for weed control and sustainable environment management. Allelopathic crops have potential to reduce herbicide usage in agro ecosystem. Field experiments were conducted at Research Farm of Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Chakwal Road Rawalpindi to determine effects of allelopathic crops water extracts and their combinations with herbicides on wheat and groundnut crops under rainfed conditions during 2009-2011. Nine weed control treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. Weed control treatments reduced total weeds density, fresh and dry weights of weeds during both years in wheat crop. Amongst treatments, allelopathic crops [Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)] water extracts alone and their mixture reduced total weeds density, fresh and dry weights by 30, 31 and 32%, respectively. Herbicide [Atlantis® 3.60 WG (mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron)] at recommended dose (14.4 g a.i. ha-1) and combinations of sorghum and sunflower water extracts with its lower rates (3.6, 7.2 and 10.8 g a.i. ha-1) reduced weeds dynamics between 66 to 70%. Hand weeding reduced weeds to higher extent (84-87%) but it was labour intensive and costly method. xxv Higher values of leaf area, leaf area index, total dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate were recorded from combination of sorghum and sunflower water extract with Atlantis® @ 10.8 g a.i. ha-1 (75% of full dose) and Atlantis® @ 14.4 g a.i. ha-1 (full dose). These treatments also produced more number of fertile tillers per unit area, grains per spike and grains yield. Crop extracts mixed with 75% dose of herbicide improved wheat grain yields upto 46% which was comparable with herbicide at full dose and hand weeding. The maximum protein (15.32%) and starch contents (54.22%) were recorded from weedy check and hand weeding, respectively. Economic and marginal analyses revealed that crop extracts mixed with 75% rates of herbicide exhibited the highest net benefits. Allelopathic extracts mixed with lower rates of Atlantis® gave higher marginal rate of return (423-532%) while other treatments were dominated due to lower marginal net benefits. Different weed control treatments decreased weeds dynamics in groundnut during both seasons. Herbicide application at full rates (Haloxyfop 10.8 EC @ 108 g a.i. ha-1), allelopathic crops extracts [Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and brassica (Brassica campestris L.)] and their mixtures with reduced doses of haloxyfop decreased total weeds density in the range of 33-38%, 1-16% and 18-39%, total weeds fresh weight between 12-25%, 5-19% and 14-36% and total weeds dry weights ranging 13-26%, 6-20% and 14-38%, respectively. Combination of 75% dose of herbicide with allelopathic crops extracts reduced total weeds density, total weeds fresh and dry weights by 39, 36 and 38%, respectively. Although hand weeding controlled weeds biomass by 74% but it was a costly approach. xxvi Barley and brassica extracts combined with haloxyfop @ 81 g a.i. ha-1 (75% of full dose), full dose of haloxyfop (108 g a.i. ha-1) and hand weeding enhanced leaf area, leaf area index, total dry matter accumulation, number of pods per plant, kernels per pod and pods yield. The maximum pods yield was recorded from hand weeding (1526 kg ha-1) followed by crop extracts mixed with 75% dose of herbicide (1409 kg ha-1). Oil contents were not affected significantly by different weed control treatments. Economic and marginal analyses showed higher net returns from lower herbicide doses combined with allelopathic crops water extracts. These treatments gave 37-943% marginal rate of return while all other treatments including hand weeding were dominated due to less net benefits. The study concluded that allelopathic crop water extracts mixed with low rates of herbicides (50-75% rates of full herbicide dose) can be used for economical weed control and improvement of wheat and groundnut yields.