آہ! مصطفےٰ کمال پاشا
نومبر ۱۹۳۸ء کا سب سے زیادہ المناک حادثہ جس نے تمام عالم اسلامی میں رنج و غم کی ماتمی صفیں بچھادیں، مصطفی کمال کی وفات کا حادثہ ہے۔ مصطفی کمال کا وجود اس زمانہ میں مسلمانوں کے تار عظمت وبزرگی کا ایک درخشندہ موتی اور اسلامی سطوت وصولت کی ایک شمشیر لرزہ فگن تھا۔ وہ دبدبۂ و شوکت اسلام کے قصررفیع کے ایسے ستون تھے، جس کے گرتے ہی محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ تمام عالم میں زلزلہ آگیا، اور اس کے بام و در پر کپکپی طاری ہوگئی ہے۔
وماکان قیس ھلکہ ھلک واحد
ولٰکنہ بنیان قوم تھدما
وہ ۱۸۸۱ء میں سالونیکا کے ایک غریب گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے، ابھی عمر نو برس کی ہی تھی کہ سر سے باپ کا سایہ اٹھا گیا، ماں انتہا درجے کی عابدہ زاہدہ تھیں۔ انھوں نے ہر چند چاہا کہ بیٹا دینی تعلیم حاصل کرکے ملّا بن جائے، لیکن جس کی قسمت میں ٹرکی کے مریض نیم جاں کی مسیحائی لکھی ہوئی تھی اور جس کو غازی بن کرعالم میں رونما ہونا تھا، وہ کس طرح اس مفت خوری پرآمادہ ہوسکتا تھا۔ نتیجہ یہ ہواکہ اُنہوں نے فوجی تعلیم حاصل کی اور ٹرکی کے مختلف معرکوں میں اپنی شجاعت وبسالت کے وہ حیرت انگیز جوہر دکھائے جس نے ٹرکی کی تاریخ کو یکسر منقلب کرکے رکھ دیا۔مصطفی کمال شروع سے ہی حریت پرست اوراستقلال کوش تھے، وہ خلیفۂ وقت کوعیسائی طاقتوں کے ہاتھ میں کٹھ پتلی کی طرح کھلونا بنا ہوا دیکھتے تھے تواُن کی آنکھوں میں خون اُترآتا تھا،اور چاہتے تھے کہ ٹرکی کواجنبی عناصر سے پاک وصاف کرکے اتنا مضبوط وقوی بنادیاجائے کہ پھر کسی حریف کو اُس کی طرف نگاہ حرص و آز بلند کرنے کی جرأت نہ ہوسکے۔اس سلسلہ میں اُن کا تعلق ایک ایسی انقلاب پسند جماعت سے...
This qualitative study employs Communities of Practice (Lave& Wenger, 1991) framework to map out how female learner identity is built and negotiated within Post-colonial Pakistan. The study traces out the ongoing identity struggles of young Pakistani female ESL learners at The Institute of English Language and Literature (IELL), University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, from a broadly poststructuralist perspective. Data analysis and interpretation were guided by CoP framework which views learner as essentially part and parcel of the learning environment within which learning takes places. The data revealed a complex picture of Female English Language Learner Identity (FELLI), as diverse subject positions emerged while the participants developed a sense of alignment with different CoP and displaying acts of resistance to counter discrimination. Higher education appeared as a site of identity negotiation and transition into new CoP for the participants. The participants demonstrated signs of social, linguistic and academic participation in as participating members of academic CoP.
Maize is a high nutrient demanding crop, which also requires micronutrients (in particular the Zn) along with major elements. Zinc deficiency is frequent equally in plant and humans. Zinc deficiency regions in human are reported to be Zn deficient soils regions. Worldwide incidence of Zn deficiency in soils is becoming ever more imperative owing to its impact on human health. So, keeping in view a two years field study consisted of two independent experiments, was conducted to evaluate the effect of different Zn application methods on the productivity of maize hybrids DKL-919 and Pioneer 30-Y-87 at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Both experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) under factorial arrangement with three replications and a net plot size of 3m × 5m. In the first experiment, Zn was soil applied (5, 10 kg ha -1 ) or foliar applied (0.5, 1.0% ZnSO 4 foliar spray) alone and in combination. In the second experiment influence of ZnSO 4 as seed priming or foliar application at the rate of 1.0 and 2.0% alone or combination were used. In first experiment hybrid maize planted in 2009 had more production as compared to planted in 2010. Maize hybrid Pioneer 30-Y-87 with combined application of Zn as soil application (10 kg ha -1 ) and foliar spray (1.0%) produced significantly more plant height, stem diameter, cob length, cob diameter, number of grains per cob, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. Maize hybrid DK-919 with combined application of Zn as soil application (10 kg ha -1 ) and foliar spray (1.0%) produced significantly more grain zinc content (mg kg -1 ). However, Zn application significantly decreased the grain protein contents. Maize hybrid Pioneer 30-Y-87 with combined application of Zn as soil application (10 kg ha -1 ) and foliar spray (1.0%) also showed high leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate. Combined application of Zn as soil application (10 kg ha -1 ) and foliar spray (1.0%) gave more net field benefits and benefit cost ratio. In second experiment performance of hybrid maize Pioneer 30-Y-87 with combined application of Zn as seed priming and foliage spray (2.0%) in all the yield and growth relating parameters. Plant height, stem diameter, cob length, cob diameter, number of grains per cob, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. Maize hybrid DK-919 with combined application of Zn as seed priming and foliar spray (2.0%) produced significantly more grain zinc content. However, Zn application significantly decreased grain protein contents. Similarly, maize hybrid Pioneer 30-Y-87 with combined application of Zn as seed priming (2.0%) and foliar spray (2.0%) also showed high leaf area index, leaf area duration, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate. Similarly, combined application of Zn as seed priming (2.0%) and foliar spray (2.0%) gave more net field benefits and benefit cost ratio. On the basis of two year field experiments it is concluded that maize hybrid Pioneer 30-Y-87 produced better grain yield and performed best when Zn was applied as foliage spray along with seed priming or soil application.