کرپشن ،نجی مفادات اور غداری
ہر وہ شخص غدار ہے جو اپنے ذاتی مفاد کیلئے پھر غیر آئینی طریقے سے پاکستان کے آئین کو منسوخ کردے یا پھر کسی بھی قسم کی کرپشن جو ملک کیلئے بدنامی کا باعث بنے ،خطرہ بنے ،کسی آئین کو معطل کرے ،یا کسی بھی سازش میں بھی شامل ہو تو وہ ملک کا غدار ہے۔ یہ ایک ایسی لعنت ہے جو کسی بھی ملک کی بنیادوں کو کھوکھلا کردیتی ہے۔
یہ زمین جس پر ہم رہتے ہیں یہ ہمارے لیے ہماری ماں جیسی ہے پاک زمین کی گود میں پرورش پاکر پھر اسی سیغداری کرنا ،ایسے حالات میں جہاں غدار موجود تھے وہاں وطن پر مر مٹنے والے بھی موجود تھے مگرجو نقصان وطن کو ان غداروں سے ہوا وہ ملک کیلئے شرمندگی کا باعث بنتارہا۔وطن سے بغاوت کرنے والے کچھ لوگوں نے وطن اور دین کی پرواہ نہ کی اور صرف چند پیسوں کی خاطر اپنا ایمان بیچ ڈالا اور جہاں ان کو وطن کی حفاظت کیلئے کھڑے ہونا تھا وہ وطن کے غداروں کی صف میں شامل نظر آئے۔اکثر اوقات ہم غداروں کو پکڑپانے میں اتنی دیر کردیتے ہیں جب تک وہ ہماری بنیادوں کوکھوکھلا کرچکے ہوتے ہیں۔
ناطق نے بھی ناول میں ایسے ہی ایک واقعے کو بیان کیاہے کہ جب ’’ضامن‘‘کہانی کا مضبوط کردار وزارت خارجہ کے دفتر میں چودھویں سکیل کے کلرک کی حیثیت سے کام کرنے لگا تو اس کے ساتھ کچھ ایسے حالات پیش آئے جن سے وہ لاعلم رہا کے کہیں نہ کہیں اسے ملک کے خلاف کام کرنے کی سازش میں شامل کیا جاتا رہا ہے۔یقینااس پر قلم اٹھانا مصنف کیلئے بہت بہادری کا کام ہے۔آج سے پہلے بھی اردو ناولوں میں ملکی حالات پر بات کی...
Intoxicant use and subsequent substance abuse is the leading health problem in younger age groups in contemporary times, and across the globe. It contributes to morbidity, mortality and economic loss. It also disturbs the social system of a community and creates a serious threat to global health. The aim of this study was to determine the use of intoxicants among medical college students of Islamabad and to identify the associated factors with intoxicant use. A cross-sectional research design was used to gather survey data from two private medical colleges. Data from a final sample of 310 respondents was analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was found that smoking was the most prevalent intoxicant used amongst the participants (21.9%). The other most common prevalent use of intoxicants included alcohol (6.1%), Naswar (powdered tobacco dip) (6.8%) and Heroin (3.9%). The male gender and need for mental relaxation were found to be statistically significant with cigarette smoking. Most of the students indicated that they did not feel guilty about using intoxicants. It is important that medical college administration develops policies to control intoxicant use among students, including and not limited to awareness campaigns, counseling and support for stress relief.
Malnutrition is a condition in which lack, surplus or inequity of macro and/or micro nutrients in the food exert unfavorable impacts on mental, physical and functional characteristic of body. Half of all children in Pakistan are chronically malnourished (stunted) while 11 % are acutely malnourished (wasted). Malnourished children acquire infections more quickly than the normal. This situation has created high mortality and morbidity rates in less than 5 years of age, undermining their mental and physical growth and leading to significant economic impact on the country’s development and prosperity. WHO recommended two therapeutic formula milks F-75 as a starter and F-100 as a catch-up for rebuilding of wasted tissues in acute malnourished children. Keeping in view the malnutrition severity in children of Pakistan and importance of probiotics, a study was designed to compare locally prepared (LF-75 and 100) and commercial (F-75 and 100) provided by UNICEF with the addition of probiotics. Project was divided into 3 studies as Study-I: Preparation of LF-75 and LF-100 and their physiochemical comparison with F75 and F100 was carried out. Both local formulae were prepared from sugar, vegetable oil, whole dried milk powder and mineral mixed according to the quid lines of WHO. The analyses of these formulae milk show non-significant (p>0.05) difference in pH (6.51-6.58), acidity (0.13-0.14%) and lactose (1.30-1.31 and 4.12-4.24%), while the differences was significant (P<0.05) regarding moisture (84.62-85.86 and 81.97-83.43 %), fat (2.94-2.65 and 5.80-6.08%), Protein (0.84-0.94 and 2.57-2.64%), ash (0.35-0.50 and 0.50-0.70%), calcium (50.3-75-35.5 and 579.2-305.2 mg/ 100 g), Fe (1.3-2.3 and 3.1-2.3 mg/ 100 g), Cu (0.19-0.22 and 2.7-1.2 mg/ 100g), Zn (1.9-1.13 and 20.20-15.02 mg/100g), SNF (7.99-7.26 and 13.62-12.62%) and density (1.57-1.03 and 1.47-1.03 g/cm3). In Study-II; the probiotics were added to above formulae milk samples and their viability and efficacy was assessment through biological studies. For this part of study 12 different treatments were prepared (F-75, F-75+P1, F-75+P2, LF-75, LF-75+P1, LF-75+P2, F-100, F-100+P1, F-100+P2, LF-100, LF-100+P1 and LF-100+P2) using probiotics P1: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12) and P2: Streptococcus thermophilus (TH-4®), Lactobacillus paracasei 431® and BB-12. This study was divided into four distinct stages. In stage-1 acclimatization of the rats was done with standard diet, while in stage-2, malnutrition was induced by providing nutrient deficient diet. In stage-3, F-75 were provided 2 weeks and then F-100 formulae (both) were implemented. The viability of probiotics at 0 and 24 hours was examined and found that storage time, diet sources and probiotics had significant (p<0.01) influence on the viability of probiotics. The number of probiotics increased enough were present to carry out the therapeutic activities. The viable count were in both samples F-75, F-100, LF-75 and LF-100 containing P2 probiotics followed by the samples containing P1. A significant change (p<0.01) in weight, albumin, blood glucose and other attributes of blood was estimated before and after malnutrition. Glucose, albumin, hemoglobin and WPC were increased in rats who were administrated with F-75 and F-100 containing P1 and P2 followed by the LF-75 and LF-100 containing xviii P1 and P2. Histopathological examination showed the normal results of liver and kidney after getting the therapeutic diet except control. The nanofibers containing probiotics prepared with 9% poly vinyl alcohol showed homogenous, uniform, bead free and smooth texture. Considering the prolonged viability of nanofibers containing probiotics was noted at room temperature. It is concluded from the locally prepare milk formulae containing probiotics could be helpful to reduce rate of malnutrition in children.