استاد کی عظمت
اللہ تعالیٰ نے اس کائنات کو تخلیق فرمایا پھر اس کی تزئین و آرائش کے لیے اس میں پہاڑوں ، گلستانوں، میدانوں ، سمندروں ، ندیوں اور نالوں کو وجود بخشا، آبشاروں کی کھڑکھڑاہٹ پیدا فرمائی ، فضاؤں کی سرسراہٹ سے اس کے حسن میں چار چاند لگائے۔
اللہ تعالیٰ نے بنی نوع انسان کی اصلاح کے لیے مختلف اوقات میں مختلف زبانوں میں مختلف قوموں میں مختلف انبیاء کرام کو مبعوث فرمایا یہ سلسلہ چلتا رہا یہاں تک کہ نبی آخر النبین حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم تشریف لائے اور پھر نبوت کا دروازہ بند کر دیا گیا اور کام علماء کرام کے سپرد ہوا اور علماء کرام میں اساتذہ جو مدرس ہونے کے ناطے عظیم منصب پر فائز ہوتے ہیں انھوں نے اس فریضہ کو بڑے احسن طریقے سے سرانجام دینا شروع کر دیا اور عوام النّاس کی اصلاح کے لیے مستعد رہے۔
شیخِ مکتب ہے اک عمارت گر
جس کی صنعت ہے روحِ انسانی
اگر بنظر غائر مشاہد ہ کیا جائے تو استاد کی حیثیت، اہمیت اور مقام مسلم ہے، کیونکہ استاد ہی نونہالانِ قوم کی تعلیم و تربیت کا ضامن ہوتا ہے، استاد ہی قوم کے نوجوانوں کو علوم وفنون سے آراستہ و پیراستہ کرتا اور اس قابل بناتا ہے کہ وہ ملک وقوم کی گرانبار ذمہ داریوں سے عہدہ برآ ہوسکیں۔ استاد جہاں نوجوانوں کی اخلاقی و روحانی تربیت کرتا ہے وہاں وہ اُن کی مختلف علمی ،سائنسی، فنی ، اور پیشہ ورانہ مہارتوں کا سامان بھی کرتا ہے، والدین بچے کی جسمانی پرورش کرتے ہیں، جبکہ استاد کے ذمے بچے کی روحانی تربیت ہوتی ہے، اس لحاظ سے استاد کی حیثیت اور اہمیت والدین سے کسی طرح کم نہیں بلکہ ایک لحاظ سے ان سے بڑھ کر ہے، کیونکہ روح کو جسم پر فوقیت حاصل...
Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) peel oil has medicinal properties which shows beneficial effects against plant pathogenic fungi Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate the antifungal potential of Citrus paradisi peel oil against different plant pathogenic fungal strainsMethods: The essential oil of Grapefruit peel was provided in different concentrations 0.25 to 0.75ml per 100 ml of media to 3 different plant pathogenic fungal strains i.e, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani and Dreschlera tetramera and its effect on the growth of fungi was recorded Results: The studies provided the results compared with the controlled media, which showed the fungal growth was almost completely inhibited at 0.75ml concentration of oil, even the lower concentration was sufficient to retard the growth Conclusions: The study provided the blue print for fungicidal spray to cure serious diseases in plants, such as, rice blast, papaya fruit rot, seedling collar rot and wilt diseases.
Germin and germin-like proteins (GLPs) constitute a large and highly diverse family of developmentally regulated proteins showing a wide range of distribution from Myxomycetes to flowering plants. These proteins have been cited in various plant organs like roots, leaves, nectar glands and seeds etc. Germin-like proteins also seem to be involved in many stress related processes, but their definite role in these processes remains obscure. The present study was conducted to elucidate the function of germin-like protein gene (OsRGLP1) of rice by over-expressing OsRGLP1 cDNA under the transcriptional control of strong promoter in tobacco. The cDNA of OsRGLP1, 958 bp was successfully cloned in pTZ57R/T cloning vector. OsRGLP1 cDNA was inserted in p1301 in sense direction down stream of CaMV35S promoter and transformed into Agrobacterium strain EHA101. Transgenic tobacco plants were produced through Agrobacterium mediated transformation and confirmed through hygromycin resistance and PCR amplification of OsRGLP1. Transgenic plants were assessed for growth, morphology, oxalate oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Morphologically no difference was observed between T0 transgenic and control plants except that leaves of some mature transgenic plants showed necrotic lesions. Transgenic plants were evaluated for the presence of H2O2 which is reported to be involved in necrosis and cell death. Interestingly, higher levels of H2O2 were observed in transgenic plants. Seeds of T0 /T1 transgenic plants were similar in shape, size and coat color to the control plants when harvested, whereas, seed coat of transgenic seeds turned lighter in color after one year storage at room temperature. Germination rate and percentage in transgenic T1 seeds was significantly lower than control seeds. Segregation analysis indicated a 1:1 ratio for hygromycin phosphotransferase gene in T1 seeds. There was no difference in fresh/dry weights, plant heights and shoot lengths, number of leaves and nodes of transgenic and control plants. Number of roots in transgenic plants was lower while roots were longer than control plant roots. No oxalate oxidase activity either of native or transgene origin could be observed in transgenic plants revealing that OsRGLP1 may not posses this activity. Significantly higher levels of heat resistant superoxide dismutase activity were observed in transgenic plants as compared with control. This added activity was insensitive to KCN and sensitive to H2O2 suggesting being due to FeSOD activity. Present study indicates for the first time that OsRGLP1 may posses SOD activity along with a striking observation that this activity is FeSOD type instead of MnSOD, if at all observed. Upstream regulatory region of OsRGLP1 was also cloned, sequenced and analyzed to gain insight into the regulatory aspects. The promoter region contained many regulatory elements related to diverse functions, most intriguing were the elements related to biotic and abiotic stress which emphasizes the possible involvement of OsRGLP1 in these processes. These findings may suggest that OsRGLP1 gene product may act as FeSOD responsible for dismutation of stress generated reactive oxygen species into H2O2 which in turn may play important roles like defense against pathogen and root elongation.